Seth Kaller, Inc.

 The documents listed in this section are not for sale; the descriptions and history below are provided for educational purposes.  Five Lincoln-signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment have sold publicly in the last 48 years. I have had the privilege of acquiring and placing all five with institutional and private clients. Here, I am delighted to share the historic background we have gathered in the process. 

Please ask if you wish to re-publish or broadcast any of this information; it is almost always granted. Free use is allowed for schooling at any level, but the information should be credited to Seth Kaller, Inc., with a link to our website. Depending on the use, better quality images may also be provided. Requests by museums to borrow client’s documents, or to provide for display exact size fine quality reproductions, is often considered, and accommodated whenever possible.

I am always interested in updating the census (list of known copies); if you know something we don’t, please tell!   Also, if you own a related document, or work for a museum or library owner, and can grant us permission to publish an image, please let me know. In 2010, I intend to add to our site images of as many of the original documents we can get permission to publish.

Sincerely,
Seth Kaller

Contents:

I.  13th Amendment
    A Congressional Copy
    Description & Transcript
    The Creation and Date of Manuscript Copies
    Provenance
    Abolishing Slavery in America
    Senate 'Withholding Resolution'
    Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, State-by-State
   Historical Background  
   Slavery and Emancipation in American History
   Lincoln, Slavery and the Declaration of Independence: Toward Resolution
   Global Context
    References

II. Manuscripts Article by Kaller & Rhodehamel

III. Census and Selected Images of All Known Lincoln Signed Copies

IV. Biographical Sketches of all of the Senators and Congressmen who Voted for the 13th Amendment

Each of the Lincoln signed 13th Amendments are different, as noted elsewhere. This specific descriptive information below is for the Forbes Magazine copy, sold at Christie's in 2002 and acquired by us for a client privately in 2007.  Seth Kaller

Abolishing Slavery:
The 13th Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln

"Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States…"

Abraham Lincoln.  Document Signed ("Abraham Lincoln") as President, [Washington, D.C., ca. February 1, 1865].  Co-signed by Hannibal Hamlin as Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, Schuyler Colfax as Speaker of the House, 37 of the 38 senators  and 114 of the 119 Congressmen who voted for it.  One of six or seven known "Congressional" copies of the Thirteenth Amendment signed by Lincoln and members of the Senate and House who voted in favor of the resolution [and one of thirteen or fourteen known copies signed by Lincoln]. 1 page, 20 5/8 x 15 3/8", engrossed on lined vellum. 

This amendment, outlawing slavery and involuntary servitude, was the first change made to the Constitution in over sixty years, and the first substantive change to America's conception of its liberties since the Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791.
1     # 21902

Transcript:

"Duplicate.

Thirty-Eighth Congress of the United States.
-----------------------
    A Resolution: Submitting to the Legislatures of the several States a proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States.
    Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of both houses concurring,) That the following article be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States as an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the said Constitution, namely:
ARTICLE XIII.
   Section 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
   Section 2.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
                                                      Schuyler Colfax
Attest:                                                    Speaker of the House of Representatives
 J.W. Forney                                                            H Hamlin
Secretary of the Senate                                     Vice President of the United States
Ewd. McPherson                                         and President of the Senate.
 Clerk of the House of Representatives.                                                                      
 Approved February 1, 1865  Abraham Lincoln

[Transcript continued]
[Note: names below are listed in full, rather than in transcript format]

In the Senate, April 8, 1864.

In the House of Representatives, January 31, 1865.

            *Duplicate signatures 

 Signatures

There are no known copies signed by each of the 38 Senators and 119 Congressmen who voted for the amendment.

This document was not signed by Senator Benjamin Franklin Harding of Oregon; on January 30th, he had been granted a leave of absence for the remainder of the session. Senator William Pitt Fessenden, who by February of 1865 was serving as Secretary of the Treasury (he would submit his resignation on February 6 and resume a Senate seat on March 4, 1865), did sign this document, but did not sign the "Senate" copies.
 
Representatives G.W. Julian, W.D. McIndoe, W. Radford, J.F. Starr, E. Dumont, and J. Ganson (though his name is penciled in), did not sign here.

Provenance

Few of the copies Lincoln signed have provenance records dating to  the 19th century. This is likely the copy recorded by Justin Turner as being in the possession of Mrs. F.M. Taylor, a collector from Colorado Springs, c. 1954.
It was sold at Sotheby Parke Bernet, the Roy P. Crocker, Lincoln Savings and Loan Association Collection sale, November 28, 1979, lot 216, when it was acquired by Malcolm C. Forbes.
Sold at the Forbes Collection auction, Christie's, March 27, 2002, lot 95.
Acquired privately, 2007.

The Creation and Date of Manuscript Copies

It is unknown how many were signed by Lincoln.  Others were prepared, but it is likely that Lincoln did not sign any after February 7th, when the Senate resolved that the president's signature had been "unnecessary" and directed the Senate secretary to "withhold from the House of Representatives the message of the President informing the Senate that he had approved and signed the same..." (Senate Journal). Additional manuscripts survive signed by the Senators and Congressmen and other officials, but with the space for the President's name blank - presumably because his signature was not obtained before February 7th and the "withholding" resolution's passage.

Abolishing Slavery in all of America

While the Emancipation Proclamation was taking its effect in the field, as the Union army advanced, Lincoln also supported Radical Republicans who began to advocate a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery everywhere in the United States. On December 14, 1863, Ohio Congressman James M. Ashley introduced such an amendment in the House of Representatives. Senator John Brooks Henderson of Missouri, a border state that still sanctioned slavery, followed suit on January 11, 1864, courageously submitting a joint resolution for an amendment abolishing slavery.

The proposed amendment passed in the Senate on April 8, 1864, with a vote of 38 to 6. Two months later, however, it was defeated in the House of Representatives, 95 to 66 (or by another account, 93-65), shy of the 2/3 necessary for approval. Lincoln, not about to give up, made abolition a central plank of the National Union platform during his re-election campaign. He argued,

"When the people in revolt, with a hundred days of explicit notice, that they could, within those days, resume their allegiance, without the overthrow of their institution, and that they could not so resume it afterwards, elected to stand out, such [an] amendment of the Constitution as [is] now proposed, became a fitting, and necessary conclusion to the final success of the Union cause. Such alone can meet and cover all cavils…" (Basler, Collected Works, 7, 380).

Lincoln's victory over McClellan in 1864 gave him a new mandate and enough seats in the House to eventually guarantee passage of the stalled amendment. Not content to wait until the new Congress met in March, the amendment's supporters brought the measure to another vote in the House on January 31, 1865.

On being informed that the amendment was still two votes short, Lincoln is reported to have told the Republican Congressmen: "I am President of the United States, clothed with great power. The abolition of slavery by Constitutional provisions settles the fate, for all … time, not only of the millions now in bondage, but of unborn millions to come - a measure of such importance that those two votes must be procured.  I leave it to you to determine how it shall be done, but remember that I am President of the United States, clothed with immense power, and I expect you to procure those two votes ..." (John B. Alley, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed., Rice, 1886 ed., p 585-6. Per Goodwin, p. 687).

The outcome of the vote was in doubt until the final hour. A Pennsylvania Democrat, Archibald McAllister, opened the debate by explaining why he had changed his vote from a "Nay" to an "Aye." He had been in favor of exhausting all means of conciliation, McAllister stated, but was now satisfied that nothing short of independence would satisfy the Southern Confederacy, and that therefore it must be destroyed, and he must cast his vote against its cornerstone, and declare eternal war with the enemies of the country. Fellow Pennsylvania Democrat Alexander Hamilton Coffroth also changed his vote, and gave a speech advocating passage. Arguments continued until, finally, the votes were tallied. This time it passed, by a vote of 119 to 56, with 8 abstentions.  When Speaker Colfax declared the results, "a moment of silence succeeded, and then, from floor and galleries, burst a simultaneous shout of joy and triumph, spontaneous, irrepressible and uncontrollable, swelling and prolonged in one vast volume of reverberating thunder…" (Report of the special committee on the passage by the House of Representatives of the constitutional amendment for the abolition of slavery. January 31st, 1865: The Action of the Union League Club on the Amendment, February 9, 1865, in "From Slavery to Freedom." American Memory, Library of Congress). 

Following in the footsteps of President James Buchanan, who had signed a proposed amendment to protect slavery in the United States, Lincoln signed the official resolution, along with several commemorative copies (fourteen copies with Lincoln's genuine signature are now known). For that action, the Senate, on February 7th, resolved that the president's signature had been "unnecessary" and directed the Senate secretary to "withhold from the House of Representatives the message of the President informing the Senate that he had approved and signed the same..." (Senate Journal). It is unlikely that the president would have signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment resolution subsequent to the "withholding" resolution's passage.

Despite the celebrations, three-fourths of the state legislatures needed to ratify the amendment before it could be considered part of the Constitution. Accordingly, Secretary of State William H. Seward immediately sent certified copies of the resolution to each governor. In a show of support, Lincoln's home state of Illinois ratified the 13th amendment on February 1, the same day Lincoln signed the measure. Governor Richard J. Oglesby telegraphed the news to Lincoln at 7:25 that evening, informing him: "[T]he Legislature has by a large majority ratified the amendment to the Constitution. All suppose you had signed the Joint resolution of Congress. Great enthusiasm" (Oglesby to Lincoln, February 1, 1865, AL Papers at the Library of Congress). Five minutes later, Ward H. Lamon, the president's old law partner, and Edward L. Baker, editor of the Illinois State Journal, relayed the same news. The amendment had passed, they exclaimed triumphantly, "with a great hurrah" (Lamon and Baker to Lincoln, February 1, 1865, AL Papers at the Library of Congress).

Addressing a Washington, D.C. crowd celebrating the historic event, Lincoln offered congratulations on the nation's great moral victory, but noted that there was still work to be done, state by state. Illinois, he informed them, had already done its part. Maryland was about half through, Lincoln added, but he felt proud that Illinois was "a little ahead" (contemporary newspaper accounts of Lincoln's speech, Basler 8:255).

By the time General Lee surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, twenty states had ratified the amendment, including Louisiana and Tennessee. Their state governments had already been reconstructed under Lincoln's so-called "Ten Percent Plan." On December 8, 1863, Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction promised presidential recognition of new state governments once the number of persons swearing allegiance to the United States equaled ten percent of the number of votes cast in that state in the 1860 election.
Tragically, Lincoln did not live to see the amendment become law. He had, by the end of his life, evolved toward a new understanding of the status of black Americans.  He now supported giving the vote to literate black men and to black veterans, as he made clear in a speech from a White House balcony on April 11, 1865.  On hearing it, John Wilkes Booth angrily told a companion, "That means nigger citizenship.  Now, by God, I'll put him through.  That is the last speech he will ever make" (McPherson, 852). 

On April 14, 1865, when Arkansas became the 21st state to adopt the 13th amendment, only six more states were needed for ratification. That evening, Lincoln was fatally shot by Booth at Ford's Theatre.  Lincoln died the next morning. With Georgia's ratification on December 6, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution.

When the amendment went into effect twelve days later, it freed nearly a million slaves still held in bondage. By the end of January 1866, though no longer required for implementation, five more states had added their votes of approval. The remaining states - Texas, Delaware, Kentucky and Mississippi - finally ratified the amendment in 1870, 1901, 1976 and 1995, respectively.

The Withholding Resolution, from the Journal of the Senate

Feb 4, 1865:
Mr. [Lyman] Trumbull submitted the following resolution for consideration:
Resolved, That the article of amendment, proposed by Congress, to be added to the Constitution of the United States respecting the extinction of slavery therein, having been inadvertently presented to the President for his approval, it is hereby declared that such approval was unnecessary to give effect to the action of Congress in proposing said amendment, inconsistent with the former practice in reference to all amendments to the Constitution heretofore adopted, and being inadvertently done; should not constitute a precedent for the future, and the Secretary is hereby instructed not to communicate the notice of the approval of said proposed amendment, by the President, to the House of Representatives….

Feb 7, 1865:
The Senate proceeded to consider the resolution submitted by him the 4th instant, in relation to the presentation by the Committee on Enrolled Bills of the enrolled joint resolution (S. 16) "submitting to the legislatures of the several States a proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States" to the President for his approval, declaring such approval unnecessary, and directing the Secretary to withhold from the House of Representatives the message of the President informing the Senate that he had approved  and signed the same; and, after debate, the resolution was agreed to.

Also see Lincoln Need Not Have Signed the Resolution Submitting the Thirteenth Amendment to the States. Lincoln Lore, Bulletin of the Lincoln National Life Foundation, October, 1971.

Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, State-by-State

Historical Background:  Slavery and Emancipation in American History

From the 1600s on, slavery provided Americans with a wide range of labor, and built fortunes from New England to Georgia.  But ideals from Christianity, the Enlightenment, and the Revolution forced many to grapple with the idea of ending it.  Where bondage became less profitable, antislavery sentiment was able to take a firmer hold.  Northern states abolished slavery in the late 1700s and early 1800s.  And Southern critics, including slave-owners such as Thomas Jefferson, arose in the Upper South.

While some founders believed that slavery would last forever, most foresaw its demise.  At the time of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, slavery was declining in the Northern states, and Virginia and Maryland also became less dependent on slave labor.  The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 kept slavery out of territories North of the Ohio River, and the U.S. Constitution allowed for an end to the importation of slaves in 1808 – though the framers were careful to do so without using the word “slave.”

But a technological innovation reinvigorated slavery and set it at the center of the nation’s economy and politics for seventy years: the cotton gin.  In 1793, when Eli Whitney patented the device that separated cotton fiber from seeds, short-staple cotton instantly became a highly profitable crop across the South.  “King Cotton” also enriched Northern mill owners and financiers.  The increased domestic slave trade offset the Constitutional ban on importation (which continued despite its illegality), and slave labor became even more deeply entrenched in the Southern economy, culture, and politics.  Southerners articulated a new philosophy, defending slavery as a “positive good” for slaves and society and portraying the slave master as a kindly patriarch.

The two major barriers to emancipation were economic and social forces.  Ending slavery threatened a cheap labor supply and one of America’s leading industries.  And white Americans, from commoners to Jefferson and Lincoln, had difficulty envisioning a society that would include blacks on an equal standing, even though free blacks had existed successfully in America since before the Revolution, with 5,000 fighting in George Washington’s army.  Proposed solutions such as colonization, which would “repatriate” freed blacks outside the U.S., and compensation, which would pay slaveholders to emancipate voluntarily, met with little success.

From the colonial period to the Civil War, the problem of slavery stubbornly resurfaced.  Each time the country expanded westward, Northerners and Southerners fought over whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories.  A parade of political compromises consumed the national attention for seventy years:

- The “Three-fifths compromise” of 1787, which helped enable passage of the U.S. Constitution, supplemented representation by calculating a slave as three-fifths of a person in allotting congressional representatives.  This was a significant concession to Southern interests: in 1790, for example, 26% of North Carolina’s population and 43% of South Carolina’s were slaves.  This compromise helped protect and prolong slaveholders’ power in the national government, from the presidency (nine of the fifteen presidents before Lincoln were Southern slaveholders) to the Supreme Court (twenty of the thirty-five justices up to 1861 were from Southern states).
- The Northwest Ordinance, also in 1787, barred slavery in America’s first territory.
- Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the nation’s size, opening up immense new territories for the expansion of slavery. 
- The Missouri Compromise of 1820 added a slave state and a free state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase above the 36°30’ latitude.
- Debate over the annexation of Texas, which became a slave state in 1845, intensified dissension between North and South, threatening to divide the Democratic Party along sectional lines.  Many Northerners balked at provoking a war with Mexico that would produce new slave states, although Americans North and South generally favored expansion.
- The Wilmot Proviso of 1846 sought to bar slavery in any lands taken from Mexico.  For the first time, the House and Senate voted along sectional instead of party lines.  The Senate, where Southerners were more powerful, rejected the proposal.
- The Mexican War added huge new territories in the West in 1848, leading almost immediately to the Compromise of 1850.  That compromise admitted California as a free state and outlawed the slave trade in Washington, D.C., in exchange for federal assistance in enforcing fugitive slave laws and no prohibition on slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories.
- The Gadsden Purchase added Mexican lands in 1853, though Northern Senators limited the amount of land acquired because they feared the territory would be turned into new slave states.
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the Missouri Compromise.  Senator Stephen A. Douglas sought a new compromise with the concept of “popular sovereignty,” whereby residents of territories seeking statehood would decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.
- The last-ditch Crittenden Compromise of 1861 proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean and amending the Constitution to protect slavery wherever it existed.  The plan failed to keep Southern states from seceding.

Seventy years of federal compromises refuted the belief of many in the Revolutionary generation (found chiefly in states of the North and upper South) that slavery would eventually die out.  John Adams, for example, had declared in 1801 that “the practice of slavery is fast diminishing” and, though an evil that would otherwise “threaten to bring punishment on our land,” it could be dealt with in a “gradual” manner (Davis, 296).

Antebellum Northerners did not want slavery to spread westward for a variety of additional reasons. McPherson summarizes their objections:

“Although many northern readers shed tears at [Uncle] Tom’s fate, the political and economic manifestations of slavery generated more contention than moral and humanitarian indictments.  Bondage seemed an increasingly peculiar institution in a democratic republic experiencing a rapid transition to free-labor industrial capitalism.  In the eyes of a growing number of Yankees, slavery degraded labor, inhibited economic development, discouraged education, and engendered a domineering master class determined to rule the country in the interests of its backward institution” (McPherson, 39).

These antislavery sentiments helped Lincoln’s Republican Party rise to prominence in the 1850s.  Although the party attracted abolitionists, it mostly championed the “free soil” argument that slavery limited opportunity for the common white man.  National tensions came to a head when Lincoln was elected president in 1860 without the support of a single Southern state.  Southerners believed he and his party were bent on ending slavery.  Historians will never cease to debate exactly what Lincoln wanted to do about slavery and when he wanted to do it, but several points are clear: he was morally opposed to the institution; he resolutely opposed its expansion into the West; he believed it would die out if confined to its current borders; he believed Congress, not the president, had the constitutional right to end it; and he entered the war to preserve the Union, not to end slavery.

Ironically, Southern fears that Lincoln would abolish slavery proved true, but only after a combination of developments, starting with the South’s secession and attack on Fort Sumter.  Slaves themselves forced the Union’s hand when they fled to Federal lines at every opportunity, hoping for freedom.  The Union’s response ranged from returning them to their masters to on-the-spot emancipation.  Generals John C. Frémont (August 1861) and David Hunter (May 1862) independently declared emancipation in areas of the South under their respective commands.  Lincoln is still criticized for reversing their orders, but his reasons were clear.  He believed that such decisions at the time hurt the overall war effort: Northerners were not ready for emancipation, and the loyalty of the crucial border states, including Kentucky, was not yet assured.  Further, he thought that such decisions belonged to the commander-in-chief.  Over the course of the war, Lincoln saw the practical benefits of emancipation: employing black laborers and soldiers, harming the Confederate war effort, and appealing to antislavery European governments that otherwise would have supported the Confederacy for economic reasons.

The question of slavery’s role in bringing on the Civil War has provoked one of the most vehement debates in American history.  Many Southerners then and now argue that Confederates went to war not to defend slavery but to protect states’ rights, which they saw as being threatened by the federal government.  This is a specious argument.  From the founding of the nation through the outbreak of war, recurrent clashes over states’ rights mainly concerned the protection of slavery, and the framers of secession understood this.  Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens called slavery the “cornerstone” of the Confederacy.  The Confederate Constitution’s only major revision of the U.S. Constitution concerned slavery: “No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed” (Article I, Section 9).  In all new territory, “the institution of negro slavery, as it now exists in the Confederate States, shall be recognized and protected by Congress and by the territorial government” (Article IV, Section 3).

The “peculiar institution” dominated Southern politics and the Southern economy.  Wealthy slaveholders formed the majority of state and national legislators, and slaves were crucial to both the agricultural and industrial labor forces.  In addition to the slaveholding class, many white Southerners whose names were never entered in the census as slave-owners regularly depended on hiring or borrowing slaves. Moreover, most white Southerners feared the potential social consequences of emancipation, predicting everything from crime waves to the loss of their cheap labor force to black demands for citizenship.  The threat of ending slavery therefore posed a significant threat to the wealthy and commoners alike, a total reordering of Southern society.  Southerners of the time might well have been surprised by modern descendants who dismiss that fact.

In a telling measure of slavery’s importance to both sides during the war, the Confederacy debated emancipation as well.  Slavery caused class tensions even within the Southern union, notably when a law exempted owners of twenty or more slaves from the draft.  But the major issue forcing the South to consider freeing slaves was the need for soldiers. As the Confederacy’s fortunes grew more desperate in the second half of the war, Southerners debated arming slaves, with emancipation and land as potential rewards.  The proposal even attracted Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee.  However, the concept of arming black men, and rewarding them with freedom for themselves and their families, was too fundamental a challenge to Southern ideas of manhood, citizenship, and race.

Lincoln, Slavery and the Declaration of Independence: Toward Resolution

The Emancipation Proclamation, by ushering in full abolition, helped fulfill the promise of the Declaration of Independence, rescuing the nation’s founding philosophy of human liberty from the charge of hypocrisy.  As historians James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton note, the history of African Americans “both illustrates and contradicts the promise of America—the principles embodied in the nation’s founding documents” (Horton, ix).  Lincoln himself noted in 1855,

“Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid.  As a nation, we began by declaring “all men are created equal.”  We now practically read it “all men are created equal except negroes.”  When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read “all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics [sic].”  When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty—Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocrisy” (Peterson, 10).

Lincoln believed that, although the Founders did not accord black people social and political equality, they did not expect blacks’ position in society to remain static.  He argued that in the Declaration of Independence,

“They simply meant to declare the right, so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances would permit.  They meant to set up a standard maxim for a free society, which should be familiar to all, and revered by all;…constantly labored for, and even though never perfectly attained, constantly approximated and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of all colors everywhere.  The assertion that “all men are created equal” was of no practical use to our effecting our separation from Great Britain; and it was placed in the Declaration, not for that, but for future use” (Peterson, 11).

The decision to emancipate had not come easily. Lincoln doubtless saw the war years as a time of particularly rapid transition toward this “free society,” and his Proclamation displays a degree of caution.  Like most white Americans, he had doubts about how African Americans would fit into society as free citizens, though free blacks had lived in both the North and the South since colonial days, with a limited range of rights that sometimes included suffrage.  Lincoln enjoined “upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.” 

Global Context

In ending slavery, America took its place in a worldwide movement that began in the late eighteenth century.  Western European nations first abolished the slave trade – though enforcement was usually weak – and then slavery itself, out of a combination of economic inducements (such as the Industrial Revolution, which created a market for wage labor) and ideological arguments.  As early as 1794, during the French Revolution, France abolished slavery in its American colonies. Britain ended the slave trade in 1807, and abolished slavery in all of its colonies in 1833. In 1861, Russia emancipation its serfs, and in 1863, the Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies. By the middle of the nineteenth century, industrializing nations formed a consensus that slavery had no economic or social place in their future.

In antebellum America, many Northerners reached the same conclusion, but focused their efforts on keeping slavery out of new territories in the West, believing that slavery would eventually die out if confined to its current borders.  The Civil War was the necessary catalyst for more direct action.

References

Basler, Roy P.  The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln Vol. 5: 442-443, Vol. 7: 394-396

Berlin, Ira.  “The Slaves Were the Primary Force Behind Their Emancipation,” in The Civil War: Opposing Viewpoints (San Diego, 1995)

Davis, David Brion and Steven Mintz, eds.  The Boisterous Sea of Liberty: A Documentary
History of America from Discovery through the Civil War (New York, 1998)

Eberstadt, Charles. “Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation,” New Colophon (2d Series, 1950) no. 32 (Leland-Boker autographed edition)

Franklin, John Hope.  The Emancipation Proclamation (New York, 1963)

Freehling, William W. “The Founding Fathers and Slavery,” in Allen Weinstein et al., eds.,American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader (New York, 1979)

Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln.  New York: Simon & Shuster, 2005

Horton, James Oliver and Lois E. Horton.  In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community and Protest Among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860 (New York, 1997)

Kantor, Alvin R. Kantor and Marjorie S. Kantor.  Sanitary Fairs: A Philatelic and Historical Study of Civil War Benevolences (Chicago, IL, 1992)

“Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation,” New Colophon (2d Series, 1950) no. 19

McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988)

Peterson, Merrill D.  “This Grand Pertinacity”: Abraham Lincoln and the Declaration of
Independence.”  Fourteenth Annual R. Gerald McMurtry Lecture, The Lincoln Museum (Fort Wayne, IN, 1991)

Rhodehamel, John, and Seth T. Kaller, “Copies of the Thirteenth Amendment,” Manuscripts, 44, 2 (Spring 1992), p.109, #10. 

Manuscript Copies of the Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Lincoln: Census

1. National Archives, Washington, D.C.  Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin and Colfax. The official record copy of the resolution of both Houses of Congress effective on January 31, 1865, with its passage by the House. (unique type)

Strohm type:
2. University of Delaware, Newark, DE.  Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax, Forney and McPherson. With Lincoln AE: “Approved February 1. 1865.”
3. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.  Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax and Forney and McPherson. With Lincoln AE: “Approved February 1. 1865.” With Manuscript Note at the bottom before Lincoln’s signature: “Passed copy…”
4. Karpeles Manuscript Library, Santa Barbara, CA.  Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax and Forney. With Lincoln AE: “Approved. February 1. 1865.”

 Senate type:
5. Gilder Lehrman Collection at The New-York Historical Society, New York, NY.  Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax and 36 Senators.
6. Lincoln Financial Collection, Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis, IN. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax and 36 Senators.
7. De Paul Library, St. Mary College, Leavenworth, KS. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax, and 36 Senators. With 1870 presentation from John P. Usher, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Interior, to the Governor of Indiana.

 Congressional type:
8. Private, New York, NY. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax, Forney and McPherson, 37 Senators and 114 Representatives. With Lincoln AE: “Approved February 1. A.D. 1865.”
9. Gilder Lehrman Collection at The New-York Historical Society, New York, NY. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax, Forney and McPherson, 38 Senators and 114 Representatives. With Lincoln AE: “Approved February 1. A.D. 1865.”
10. Private, New York, NY. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax and Forney, 36 Senators and 110 Representatives.
11. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, IL. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin and Colfax, and 141 members of Congress. 
12. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax, Forney and McPherson, 36 Senators and 109 Representatives. With Lincoln ANS: “Approved. February 1. 1865.”
13. Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax, Forney and McPherson, 37 Senators and 120 Representatives (3 duplicate signatures).
14. The Henry Ford, Dearborn, MI. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax and Forney, 36 Senators and 110 Representatives. [Kaller has not seen in person & does not have a high resolution image to confirm authenticity.]
15. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Signed by Lincoln, Hamlin, Colfax and McPherson, 37 Senators and 116 Representatives. [Kaller has not seen in person & does not have a high resolution image to confirm authenticity.]

Seth Kaller has acquired for clients the copies listed in bold.

Additional copies signed by various officials exist, some of which bear Lincoln’s name but not his genuine signature. Examples are in Chicago Historical Society, the Lilly Library, etc.

Biographical Sketches of all of the Senators and Congressmen
who Voted for the 13th Amendment.

Those who did not sign this copy are shown in brackets.
(Excerpted from “Biographical Guide to the United States Congress” at http://bioguide.congress.gov)

SENATORS:
ANTHONY, Henry Bowen (1815-1884), Rhode Island; born in Coventry, R.I. graduated from Brown University in 1833; elected Governor of Rhode Island in 1849 and reelected in 1850; elected as a Republican to Senate in 1858 and served from 1859, until his death; President pro tempore of  Senate (Forty-first to Forty-third Congresses); chairman, Republican Conference.

BROWN, Benjamin Gratz (1826-1885), Missouri; born in Lexington, Ky.; graduated Yale College in 1847; practiced law in St. Louis, Mo.; State house of representatives 1852-1858; one of the founders of the Missouri Democrat and its chief editor in 1854; took an active part in preventing  secession of Missouri; during  Civil War enlisted in Union Army; raised a regiment and commanded it; elected as an Unconditional Unionist to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by expulsion of Waldo P. Johnson and served from 1863 to 1867; Governor of Missouri 1871; lost race for Vice President on ticket with Horace Greeley in 1872.

CHANDLER, Zachariah (1813-1879), Michigan; born in Bedford, N.H.; moved to Detroit, Mich., in 1833 and engaged in mercantile pursuits; mayor of Detroit in 1851; unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor in 1852; was prominent in organization of  Republican Party in 1854; elected as Republican to Senate in 1857 and served from 1857 to 1875; lost reelection in 1874; appointed Secretary of  Interior by President  Grant 1875-1877; chairman of  Republican National Executive Committee; again elected in 1879 to the Senate to fill vacancy and served until his death. Chandler was an active supporter of the Underground Railroad, and would help raise funds when Northerners were sued by southern slave owners whose slaves had escaped up north.

CLARK, Daniel (1809-1891), New Hampshire; born in Stratham, N.H., graduated from Dartmouth College, in 1834; admitted to bar in 1837; moved to Manchester in 1839; member, State house of representatives 1842/1855; elected as Republican to Senate to fill vacancy caused by death of James Bell, served from 1857 to 1866, when he resigned; served as President pro tempore of the Senate during  Thirty-eighth Congress;  U.S. district judge from 1866 until his death; president of the New Hampshire constitutional convention in 1876.

COLLAMER, Jacob (1791-1865), Representative and Senator from Vermont; born in Troy, N.Y.; moved with his father to Burlington, Vt.; served in the War of 1812; practiced law in Woodstock, Vt., from 1813 to 1833; member, State house of representatives 1821/1828; State’s attorney for Windsor County 1822-1824; judge of superior court 1833-1842 and 1850-1854; elected as a Whig to Congress (1843-1849); appointed Postmaster General by President Taylor 1849-1850; elected to Senate (1855-1865) Committee on Post Office and Post Roads.

CONNESS, John (1821-1909), California; born in Abbey, County Galway, Ireland; immigrated to the United States in 1833; learned the art of pianoforte making in New York; moved to California in 1849 and engaged in mining and mercantile pursuits; member, State assembly 1853-1854, 1860-1861; lost race for Governor of California in 1861; elected as a Douglas Democrat to the Senate, afterwards changed to a Union Republican(1863-1869); moved to Boston in 1869; retired.

COWAN, Edgar (1815-1885), Pennsylvania; born in Westmoreland County; became raftsman, boat builder, schoolmaster, and student of medicine; practiced law in Greensburg, Westmoreland County, in 1842; elected as a Republican to Senate (1861-1867); lost reelection; chairman, Committee on Patents and the Patent Office; appointed by President Johnson as Minister to Austria in January 1867, but was not confirmed by Senate.

DIXON, James (1814-1873), Representative and Senator from Connecticut; born in Enfield, Hartford County; admitted to bar in 1834; member, State house of representatives 1837-1838, 1844, and served as speaker in 1837; moved to Hartford, in 1839 and continued practice of law; elected as Whig to Congress (1845-1849); member, State house of representatives 1854; declined nomination for Governor of Connecticut in 1854; lost race for Senator in 1854; elected as Republican to Senate (1856-1869); Committee on Post Office and Post Roads; unsuccessful Democratic candidate for  Senate and House in 1868; appointed Minister to Russia in 1869 but declined; engaged in literary pursuits and extensive traveling until his death.

DOOLITTLE, James Rood (1815-1897), Wisconsin; born in Hampton, N.Y.,; admitted to bar in 1837; district attorney of Wyoming County, N.Y., 1847-1850; moved to Racine, Wis., in 1851; judge of first judicial circuit of Wisconsin 1853-1856, when he resigned;  repeal of the Missouri Compromise caused him to leave Democratic Party; elected as Republican to Senate (1857-1869); chairman, Committee on Indian Affairs; left Republican Party and lost race for Governor on Democratic ticket in 1871; resumed practice of law in Chicago, Ill., but retained residence in Racine, Wis.; trustee of University of Chicago, serving one year as its president, and was a professor in its law school.

FESSENDEN, William Pitt (1806-1869), Representative and Senator from Maine; born in Boscawen, Merrimack County, N.H.; practiced law in Bridgeton, Bangor, and Portland, Maine; member, State house of representatives in 1832/1854; elected as Whig to Congress (1841-1843); declined reelection bid in 1842; lost election as Whig for Thirty second Congress; elected as Whig to Senate to fill vacancy in 1853, caused by failure of legislature to elect; reelected 1859 as Republican and served to 1864, when he resigned to accept Cabinet appointment; appointed Secretary of Treasury by President  Lincoln (1864-1865); member of peace convention of 1861 held in Washington, D.C., in effort to devise means to prevent impending war; reelected to Senate as Republican (1865 to death).

FOOT, Solomon (1802-1866), Representative and Senator from Vermont; born in Cornwall, Addison County; taught school 1826-1831; in 1831 practiced law in Rutland; member, State house of representatives 1833/1838, serving as speaker  last two sessions; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1836; prosecuting attorney 1836-1842; elected as Whig to Congress (1843-1847); elected as Whig to Senate in 1850; and as Republican in 1856 and served until his death; served as President pro tempore of Senate during Thirty-sixth, to Thirty-eighth Congresses.

FOSTER, Lafayette Sabine (1806-1880), Connecticut; born in Franklin, New London County; graduated from Brown University, in 1828; taught school in Providence and commenced study of law in Norwich; took charge of an academy at Centerville, Md., while there admitted to Maryland bar in 1830; returned to Norwich, Conn., completed law studies; in 1831 commenced law practice; editor of Republican, Whig newspaper; member, State house of representatives 1839-1854, 1870 and elected speaker but resigned to accept judicial position;, served three years as speaker of  house; lost race for Governor of Connecticut as Whig in 1850 and 1851; mayor of Norwich 1851-1852; elected in 1854 as Republican to Senate and served to 1867; lost reelection; served as President pro tempore during the Thirty-ninth Congress; professor of law in Yale College in 1869; associate justice of Connecticut supreme court 1870-1876, when he retired; lost election to Forty-fourth Congress as Democrat.

GRIMES, James Wilson (1816-1872), Iowa; born in Deering, N.H.; attended Dartmouth College; practiced law  in the “Black Hawk Purchase,” Wisconsin Territory, afterward site of Burlington, Iowa; engaged in agriculture; member, Iowa Territorial House of Representatives 1838-44; Governor of Iowa 1854-1858; elected as Republican to Senate in 1859 and served to 1869, when he resigned due to ill health; chairman, Committee on Naval Affairs; member of peace convention of 1861 held in Washington, D.C., in effort to devise means to prevent impending war.

HALE, John Parker (1806-1873), New Hampshire; born in Rochester, Strafford County; preparatory education at Phillips Exeter Academy; in 1830 practiced law in Dover, N.H.; member, State house of representatives 1832; appointed by President Jackson as U.S. attorney in 1834, and was removed by President Tyler in 1841; elected as Democrat to U.S. Congress (1843-1845); refused to vote for annexation of Texas, although instructed to do so by State legislature, which revoked his re-nomination; elected as Free Soil candidate to Senate (1847-1853); lost race for President on Free Soil ticket in 1852; reelected to Senate in 1855 and served to 1865; chairman, Committee on Naval Affairs (Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses), appointed Minister to Spain 1865-1869.

HARDING, Benjamin Franklin (1823-1899), Oregon; born near Tunkhannock, Wyoming County, Pa., on January 4, 1823; attended the public schools; studied law; admitted to the bar in 1847 and commenced practice in Joliet, Ill., in 1849; moved to California and then to Oregon in 1850; clerk of the Territorial legislature in 1850 and 1851; member of that body and served as its speaker in 1852; United States district attorney in 1853; secretary of the Territory 1854-1859; member, State house of representatives 1858-1862, serving as speaker 1860-1861; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Edward D. Baker and served from September 12, 1862, to March 3, 1865; retired to his farm near Salem, Marion County, Ore., and a few years later moved to Cottage Grove, Lane County, where he died June 16, 1899; interment in Cottage Grove Cemetery.

HARLAN, James (1820-1899),  Iowa; born in Clark County, Ill.; assisted his father in farming, and taught school until 1841, when he entered college; moved to Iowa City, Iowa, in 1845; superintendent of public instruction in 1847; in 1850 practiced law in Iowa City; declined Whig nomination for Governor of Iowa in 1850; president of Iowa Wesleyan University,1853-1855; elected as Free Soiler to Senate in 1855 owing to irregularities in legislative proceedings, Senate declared seat vacant in 1857; reelected as Republican to fill vacancy created and served to 1865, when he resigned to accept Cabinet portfolio; Secretary of Interior in Cabinet of President Johnson from 1865 to 1866, when he resigned; reelected to Senate (1867-1873); Committee on Indian Affairs; delegate to peace convention held in Washington, D.C., in 1861, in effort to devise means to prevent impending war; lost race for  Senate and governorship; presiding judge of court of commissioners of Alabama claims 1882-1886.

HARRIS, Ira (1802-1875), New York; born in Charleston, Montgomery County; in 1827 practiced law in Albany; member, State assembly 1845-1846; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1846; member, State senate 1847; upon organization of Albany Law School in 1850 was engaged as lecturer on equity jurisprudence; justice of  State supreme court 1847-1859; elected as Republican to Senate (1861-1867); lost reelection; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1867; professor in Albany Law School from 1867 until his death.

HENDERSON, John Brooks (1826-1913), Missouri; born near Danville, Pittsylvania County, Va.; studied on his own while a farm hand; taught school; admitted to bar in 1844; member, State house of representatives 1848/1858; active in Democratic politics; commissioned a brigadier general in State militia in 1861; appointed and subsequently elected to Senate as Unionist to fill vacancy caused by expulsion of Trusten Polk (1862-1869); not a candidate for reelection; Committee on Indian Affairs; lost race for Governor and Senator; special U.S. attorney for prosecution of Whiskey Ring at St. Louis in 1875; appointed commissioner to treat with hostile tribes of Indians in 1877; moved to Washington, D.C., in 1888; writer. Penned the words of the 13th amendment.

HOWARD, Jacob Merritt (1805-1871), Senator from Michigan; born in Shaftsbury, Bennington County, Vt.; graduated from Williams College, 1830; moved to Detroit, Mich., 1832; admitted to the bar in 1833; city attorney of Detroit in 1834; member, State house of representatives 1838; elected as Whig to Congress (1841- 1843); not a candidate for re-nomination in 1842; helped draw up platform of first Republican convention in 1854; attorney general of Michigan 1855-1861; elected as Republican to Senate (1862-1871) to fill vacancy caused by death of Kinsley S. Bingham; chairman, Committee on Pacific Railroads (Thirty-eighth through Forty-first Congresses).

HOWE, Timothy Otis (1816-1883), Senator from Wisconsin; born in Livermore, Androscoggin County, Maine; in 1839 practiced law in Readfield, Maine; moved to Wisconsin in 1845 and settled in Green Bay; supreme court justice of Wisconsin (1850-1853 resigned); lost race for Senate in 1856; elected as Republican to Senate (1861-1879); lost reelection bid; Committee on Foreign Relations ; served as commissioner for  purchase of  Black Hills territory from Indians; delegate to International Monetary Conference held at Paris in 1881; appointed Postmaster General in Cabinet of  Chester Arthur in 1881, and served until his death.

JOHNSON, Reverdy (1796-1876), Senator from Maryland; born in Annapolis; in 1815 practiced law in Upper Marlboro; deputy attorney general of Maryland 1816-1817; moved to Baltimore in 1817; appointed chief commissioner of insolvent debtors of Maryland in 1817; member, State senate 1821-1829; resumed  practice of law in Baltimore; elected to Senate as Whig (1845-1849 resigned); appointed by President Zachary Taylor Attorney General (1849-1850); member of peace convention of 1861 held in Washington, D.C., in effort to devise means to prevent impending war; member, State house of representatives 1860-1861; elected as  Democrat to the Senate (1863-1868 resigned); United States Minister to England in 1868 and 1869; returned to Baltimore, where he resumed law.

LANE, Henry Smith (1811-1881), Indiana; born near Sharpsburg, Bath County; in 1832 practiced law in Crawfordsville, Ind., in 1834; member, State senate 1837; member, State house of representatives 1838-1839; elected as Whig to Congress (1840-1843)to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Tilghman A. Howard; served in Mexican War at head of company he had raised; rose to lieutenant colonel of  First Indiana Regiment; abandoned profession of law and engaged in banking business at Crawfordsville, Ind., in 1854; elected Governor of Indiana in 1860; was inaugurated January 14, 1861, and served two days, when, by previous arrangement, he was elected as Republican to Senate (1861–1867); served as special Indian commissioner 1869-1871; commissioner for improvement of  Mississippi River in 1872.

LANE, James Henry (1814-1866), Representative from Indiana and  Senator from Kansas; born in Lawrenceburg, Ind., in 1840 and practiced law in Lawrenceburg; member of city council; served in Mexican War; lieutenant governor of Indiana 1849-1853; elected as Democrat to Congress (1853-1855); moved to Territory of Kansas in 1855; member of Topeka constitutional convention 1855; elected to Senate by  legislature that convened under Topeka constitution in 1856, but election not recognized by  Senate; president of Leavenworth constitutional convention in 1857; elected as Republican to Senate (1861-death); appointed by President Lincoln brigadier general of volunteers and saw battle during  Civil War; deranged and charged with financial irregularities, Lane shot himself on July 1, 1866, but lingered ten days, dying on July 11, near Fort Leavenworth, Kans.

MORGAN, Edwin Denison (1811-1883), Senator from New York; born in Washington, Mass.; moved to Windsor County, Conn., in 1822 then Hartford, in 1828 and engaged in mercantile pursuits; member, city council of Hartford 1832; moved to New York City in 1836, engaged in wholesale grocery business, banking and brokerage; alderman of New York City 1849; member, State senate 1850-1855; State commissioner of immigration 1855-1858; chairman of  Republican National Committee 1856-1864, 1872-1876; Governor of New York 1859-1862; during Civil War served as major general of Volunteers in Union Army 1861-1863, serving as commander of  Department of New York; elected as Republican to Senate (1863-1869); lost reelection in 1868; lost race for Governor in 1876; declined office of Secretary of  Treasury under President Arthur in 1881.

MORRILL, Lot Myrick (1813-1883), Senator from Maine; born in Belgrade; in 1839 practiced law in Readfield; moved to Augusta in 1841; member, State house of representatives 1854, and senate 1856, elected president of senate; Governor of Maine 1858-1860; elected as Republican to Senate (1861-1869) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Hannibal Hamlin; resumed practice of law in Augusta; appointed to Senate (1869-1876 resigned) to fill vacancy caused by death of William Pitt Fessenden; member of  peace convention of 1861 in Washington, D.C., to devise means to prevent impending war;  Secretary of Treasury under President Grant 1876-1877; appointed by President Hayes collector of customs in Portland from 1877 until his death.

NESMITH, James Willis (1820-1885), Senator and Representative from Oregon; born in New Brunswick, Canada, while parents on visit from home in Washington County, Maine; moved with father to Claremont, N.H., about 1828;moved to Ohio in 1838 and Oregon in 1843; admitted to bar but never practiced extensively; engaged in agricultural and stock raising; elected judge of  provisional government of Oregon in 1845; captain in 1848 and 1853 of expeditions against hostile Indians; United States marshal for Oregon 1853-1855; superintendent of Indian affairs for Oregon and Washington Territories 1857-1859; elected as Democrat to Senate (1861-1867); unsuccessful  reelection; appointed Minister to Austria, but nomination not confirmed; served as road supervisor of Polk County 1868; elected as Democrat to Congress (1873-1875) to fill vacancy caused by death of Joseph G. Wilson.

POMEROY, Samuel Clarke (1816-1891), Senator from Kansas; born in Southampton, Mass.; attended Amherst College, 1836-1838; moved to New York State in 1838, taught school; returned to Southampton, 1842; member, State house of representatives 1852-1853; organizer and financial agent of  New England Emigrant Aid Co.; moved to Kansas in 1854, settled in Lawrence; mayor of Atchison 1858-1859; member of free State convention at Lawrence in 1859; president of relief committee during famine in Kansas in 1860 - 1861; upon admission of Kansas as State was elected as Republican to Senate (1861-1873); lost reelection in 1872; resided in Washington, D.C., for several years.

RAMSEY, Alexander (1815-1903), Representative from Pennsylvania and Senator from Minnesota; born near Harrisburg, Pa.; in 1839 practiced law in Harrisburg; secretary to electoral college of Pennsylvania in 1840; clerk of State house of representatives in 1841; elected from Pennsylvania as Whig to (1843-1847); declined renomination in 1846; Territorial Governor of Minnesota 1849-1853; mayor of St. Paul 1855; lost race for election as governor of Minnesota in 1857; Governor of Minnesota 1860-1863; elected as Republican to Senate (1863-1875); chairman, Committee on Post Office and Post Roads; appointed Secretary of War in Cabinet of President Hayes 1879-1881; chairman of  Edmunds Commission, dealing with question of Mormonism and polygamy in Utah (1882-1886 resigned); president of Minnesota Historical Society 1849-1863, 1891-1903; delegate to centennial celebration of adoption of  Federal Constitution in 1887.

SHERMAN, John (1823-1900), Representative and Senator from Ohio; born in Lancaster, Fairfield County; left school to work as engineer on canal projects; in 1844 practiced law in Mansfield; moved to Cleveland, in 1853; elected as Republican to Congress (1855-1861 resigned); elected as Republican to Senate (1861-1877 resigned) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Salmon P. Chase; chairman, Committee on Agriculture (1863-67); appointed Secretary of  Treasury in Cabinet of President  Hayes (1877-1881); again elected as Republican to Senate (1881-1897 resigned) in place of James A. Garfield, who had been elected President; Republican Conference chairman (1884-1885, 1891-1897); President pro tempore (1885-1887); Committee on Foreign Relations; appointed Secretary of State in Cabinet of President  McKinley (1897-1898 resigned).

SPRAGUE, William (1830-1915), Senator from Rhode Island; born in Cranston; engaged in calico-printing business and manufacture of locomotives; Governor of Rhode Island 1860-1863; head of Rhode Island regiment that was one of first to answer call for troops in 1861; tendered commission as brigadier general in 1861, but declined; elected as Republican to Senate (1863-1875); unsuccessful for governor of Rhode Island in 1883; engaged in agricultural pursuits near Narragansett Pier, R.I.

SUMNER, Charles (1811-1874), Senator from Massachusetts; born in Boston; graduated from Harvard in 1830 and from Harvard Law School in 1833; admitted to bar following year and practiced law in Boston; lectured at Harvard Law School 1836-1837; traveled extensively in Europe 1837-1840; declined Whig nomination in 1846 for Congress; one of  founders of  Free Soil Party in 1848; unsuccessful for election in 1848 on Free Soil ticket to Congress; elected to  Senate as Free Soiler then Republican (1851-death); in response to his “Crime Against Kansas” speech, was assaulted by Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina in 1856, while in his seat in Senate, and was absent on account of injuries received until December 1859; chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations; removed as chairman of Committee on Foreign Relations in 1871 as result of differences with President Grant over policy in Santo Domingo.

TEN EYCK, John Conover (1814-1879), Senator from New Jersey; born in Freehold, Monmouth County, N.J.; in 1835 commenced law practice in Burlington, N.J.; prosecuting attorney for Burlington County 1839-1849; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1844; elected as Republican to Senate (1859-1865); unsuccessful reelection; appointed member of commission to revise New Jersey constitution in 1875, and for a time president of commission.

TRUMBULL, Lyman (1813-1896), Senator from Illinois; born in Colchester, Conn.; taught school in Connecticut 1829-1833; practiced law in Greenville, Ga.; moved to Belleville, Ill., 1837; member, State house of representatives 1840-1841; secretary of State of Illinois in 1841, 1843; justice of  supreme court of Illinois 1848-1853; elected to Congress in 1854, but before  beginning of Congress was elected to Senate (1855-1873); was at various times a Democrat, Republican, Liberal Republican; chairman, Committee on the Judiciary ; resumed practice of law in Chicago, Ill.; unsuccessful for Governor of Illinois in 1880.

VAN WINKLE, Peter Godwin (1808-1872), Senator from West Virginia; born in New York City; practiced law in Parkersburg, Va. (now West Virginia), in 1835; president of town board of trustees 1844-1850; member of Virginia State constitutional convention in 1850; treasurer and later president of Northwestern Virginia Railroad Co. in 1852; member of  Wheeling reorganization convention in 1861; delegate to State convention which framed constitution of West Virginia; member, West Virginia house of delegates 1863; upon admission of West Virginia as State was elected as Unionist to Senate (1863-1869); delegate to Southern Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866; resided in Parkersburg, W.Va.

WADE, Benjamin Franklin (1800-1878), Senator from Ohio; born in Feeding Hills, near Springfield, Hampden County, Mass.; moved with parents to Andover, Ohio, in 1821; taught school; studied medicine in Albany, N.Y., 1823-1825; returned to Ohio; practiced law in Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Ohio; prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County 1835-1837; member, State senate 1837/1842; judge of third judicial court of Ohio 1847-1851; elected as Whig to Senate to fill vacancy caused by failure of legislature to elect; reelected as Republican 1851 to 1869; lost renomination in 1868; served as President pro tempore (Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses); unsuccessful Republican candidate for vice president in 1868; resumed  practice of law in Jefferson, Ohio, in 1869; appointed government director of Union Pacific Railroad; member of Santo Domingo Commission in 1871.

WILKINSON, Morton Smith (1819-1894), Senator and Representative from Minnesota; born in Skaneateles, Onondaga County, N.Y.; moved to Illinois in 1837 and employed in railroad work two years; returned to Skaneateles in 1840; practiced law in Eaton Rapids, Mich., in 1843; moved to Stillwater, Washington County, Minn., in 1847; elected to first legislature of Minnesota Territory in 1849; register of deeds of Ramsey County 1851-1853; moved to Mankato in 1858; member of board of commissioners to prepare a code of laws for Territory of Minnesota in 1858; elected as Republican to Senate and served from 1859 to 1865; elected as Republican to Congress (1869-1871); moved to Wells, Faribault County; member of State senate 1874-1877; prosecuting attorney of Faribault County 1880-1884; resumed law practice.

WILLEY, Waitman Thomas (1811-1900), Senator from Virginia and West Virginia; born in Monongalia County, Va., in what is now a part of Marion County, W.Va.; in 1833 commenced law practice in Morgantown, Va. (now West Virginia); appointed clerk of county court of Monongalia County in 1841 and later of circuit superior court, and held both positions until 1852; delegate to Virginia constitutional convention in 1850, 1851; elected as Unionist to Senate  (1861-1863) from Virginia to fill vacancy caused by retirement of James M. Mason; delegate to State constitutional convention of West Virginia; upon admission of West Virginia as State was elected as Unionist to Senate, reelected as Republican (1863-1871); again served as clerk of county court of Monongalia County 1882-1896.

WILSON, Henry (1812-1875), Senator from Massachusetts and Vice President; born Jeremiah Jones Colbath in Farmington, N.H.; worked on a farm; had his name changed by legislature to Henry Wilson in 1833; moved to Natick, Mass., in 1833 and learned shoemaker’s trade; taught school; member of  State legislature (1841-1852); owner and editor of  Boston Republican 1848-1851; lost election in 1852 to Congress; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1853; lost election  for governor of Massachusetts in 1853; elected in 1855 to Senate by coalition of Free Soilers, Americans, and Democrats to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Edward Everett; reelected as Republican (1855-1873); elected Vice President on Republican ticket with Grant (1873-death in capitol building); chairman, Committee on Military Affairs and the Militia; in 1861 raised and commanded Twenty-second Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
 
REPRESENTATIVES:
ALLEY, John Bassett (1817-1876), Representative from Massachusetts; born in Lynn, Essex County; age fourteen apprenticed as shoemaker, but released at nineteen; moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1836; freighted merchandise up and down Mississippi River; moved to Lynn, Mass, in 1838, entered shoe manufacturing business; established hide and leather house in Boston in 1847; member of first board of aldermen of Lynn in 1850; member of Governor’s council 1847-1851; served in State senate in 1852; member of constitutional convention of 1853; elected as Republican to Congress (1859-1867); chairman, Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads ; became connected with Union Pacific Railroad; retired in 1886.

ALLISON, William Boyd (1829-1908), Representative and Senator from Iowa; born in Perry, Ohio; in 1852 commenced law practice in Ashland, Ohio; lost bid for district attorney in 1856; settled in Dubuque, Iowa, in 1857 and resumed law practice; served as lieutenant colonel in  Union Army during Civil War; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1871); chairman, Expenditures in Department of  Treasury (1869-71); declined re-nomination in 1870, but lost Senate race; resumed law practice in Dubuque; elected as Republican to Senate (1873-death); Republican Conference chairman; chairman, Committee on Indian Affairs.

AMES, Oakes (1804-1873), Representative from Massachusetts; born in Easton; engaged in manufacture of shovels in North Easton; member of executive council of Massachusetts in 1860; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1873); instrumental in accomplishing construction of the first transcontinental railroad; censured by House of Representatives in 1873, for ”seeking to procure congressional attention to the affairs of a corporation in which he was interested,” which was in connection with Crédit Mobilier; in 1883 legislature of Massachusetts passed resolutions of gratitude for his work and faith in his integrity and petitioned  Congress to extend him a like acknowledgment.

ANDERSON, Lucien (1824-1898), Representative from Kentucky; born near Mayfield, Graves County; in 1845 commenced law practice; presidential elector on Whig ticket of Scott and Graham in 1852; member of State house of representatives 1855-1857; elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress (1863-1865); declined  renomination in 1864; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1864; resumed law practice.

ARNOLD, Isaac Newton (1815-1884), Representative from Illinois; born in Hartwick, Otsego County, N.Y.;  taught school in Otsego County 1832-1835; in 1835 commenced law practice in Cooperstown; moved to Chicago, Ill., in 1836 and continued practice of law; was elected as city clerk of Chicago in 1837, but had served only short time when he resigned to devote entire efforts to law practice; delegate to Democratic State convention in 1842; member of  State house of representatives in 1842, 1843; presidential elector on Democratic ticket in 1844; delegate to Free-Soil National Convention at Buffalo in 1848; again a member of State house of representatives in 1855 and lost race for speaker; lost race for Republican nomination to Congress in 1858; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1865); chairman, Committee on Roads and Canals ; declined  renomination in 1864; during Civil War acted as aide to Colonel Hunter at Battle of Bull Run; served as Sixth Auditor of  U. S. Treasury, Washington, D.C., (1865-1866 resigned); resumed practice of law and also engaged in literary pursuits.

ASHLEY, James Mitchell (1824-1896), Representative from Ohio; born near Pittsburgh, Pa.; instructed himself in elementary subjects while employed as clerk on boats operating on Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; editor of the Dispatch, and the Democrat, in Portsmouth, Ohio; admitted to bar in 1849 but never practiced; moved to Toledo, Ohio, and engaged in wholesale drug business; elected as Republican to Congress (1859-1869); chairman, Committee on Territories; lost race for reelection in 1868; delegate to Philadelphia Loyalists’ Convention in 1866; Governor of Territory of Montana in 1869, 1870; constructed Toledo, Ann Arbor & Northern Railroad, and served as president from 1877 to 1893.

BAILEY, Joseph (1810-1885), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Pennsbury Township, Chester County; learned trade of hatter, which he carried on in Parkersville; served in State house of representatives in 1840; member of  State senate in 1843; moved to Perry County in 1845; again member of State senate 1851-1853; State treasurer in 1854; admitted to bar in 1860; elected as Democrat to Congress (1861-1865); member of State constitutional convention in 1872.

BALDWIN, Augustus Carpenter (1817-1903), Representative from Michigan; born in Salina (now Syracuse), N.Y.; moved to Oakland County, Mich., in 1837 and taught school; in 1842 commenced law practice in Milford, Oakland County; member of State house of representatives 1844-1846, served as speaker pro temp. in 1846; moved to Pontiac, Mich., in 1849; prosecuting attorney for Oakland County 1853, 1854; delegate to Democratic National Convention at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); unsuccessfully contested election of Rowland E. Trowbridge to Thirty-ninth Congress; delegate to peace convention at Philadelphia in 1866; member of Pontiac School Board 1868-1886; mayor of Pontiac in 1874; judge of sixth judicial circuit court of Michigan (1875-1880 resigned); resumed practice of law; member of board of trustees of Eastern Michigan Asylum.

BALDWIN, John Denison (1809-1883), Representative from Massachusetts; born in North Stonington, Conn.; moved with parents to Chenango County, N.Y., in 1816; returned to North Stonington in 1823; studied law but discontinued study for theology; was graduated from Yale Divinity School in 1834; was licensed to preach and assumed Congregational pastorates in West Woodstock, Conn., 1834-1837, in North Branford 1838-1845, and North Killingly 1846-1849; member of State house of representatives 1847-1852; engaged in newspaper work in Hartford, Conn., 1849-1852, in Boston, Mass., 1852-1859, and connected with Worcester Spy from 1859 until his death; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); resumed his newspaper interests.

BAXTER, Portus (1806-1868), Representative from Vermont; born in Brownington, Orleans County; moved to Derby Line, in 1828; presidential elector on Whig ticket in 1852 and Republican ticket in 1856; elected as Republican to Congresses (1861-1867); declined renomination in 1866.

BEAMAN, Fernando Cortez (1814-1882), Representative from Michigan; born in Chester, Vt.; moved with parents to farm in Franklin County, N.Y., in 1819; taught school; moved to Rochester, in 1836; moved to Manchester, Mich., in 1838; commenced law practice in 1839; moved to Tecumseh in 1841 and practiced law there and in Clinton; moved to Adrian in 1843, appointed prosecuting attorney for Lenawee County, and served until 1850; member of convention that organized Republican Party “under the oaks” at Jackson, Mich., in 1854; delegate to first Republican National Convention, at Philadelphia in 1856; mayor of Adrian in 1856; judge of  probate court of Lenawee County 1856-1860; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1871); chairman, Committee on Roads and Canals; declined renomination in 1870; returned to Adrian and resumed practice of law; appointed judge of probate of Lenawee County in 1871, and elected 1872, 1876; appointed Senator to fill vacancy caused by death of Zachariah Chandler in 1879, but declined appointment owing to ill health; declined appointments to State supreme court and Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

BLAINE, James Gillespie (1830-1893), Representative and Senator from Maine; born in West Brownsville, Washington County, Pa.; taught at Western Military Institute, Blue Lick Springs, Ky.; returned to Pennsylvania; taught at Pennsylvania Institution for Blind in Philadelphia 1852-1854; moved in 1854 to Maine, where he edited Portland Advertiser and Kennebec Journal; member, State house of representatives 1859-1862, serving last two years as speaker; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1876 resigned); Speaker of House (forty-first through Forty-third Congresses); lost nomination for President on Republican ticket 1876,1880; appointed as Republican to Senate (1876-1881 resigned) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Lot M. Morrill;  Secretary of State in Cabinets of Presidents Garfield and Arthur, from March 5 to December 12, 1881; lost as Republican candidate for President in 1884; Secretary of State under President Harrison (1889-1892 resigned); aided in organizing and was first president of Pan American Congress.

BLAIR, Jacob Beeson (1821-1901), Representative from Virginia and West Virginia; born in Parkersburg, Wood County, Va.; lawyer, private practice; prosecuting attorney, Ritchie County, Va. (now W.Va.); elected as Unionist from Virginia to Congress to fill vacancy caused by resignation of  John S. Carlile; elected as Unconditional Unionist from West Virginia to Congress (1863-1865); U.S. Minister to Costa Rica, 1868-1873; associate justice of supreme court of Wyoming, 1876-1888; probate judge for Salt Lake County, Utah, 1892-1895; surveyor general of Utah, 1897-1901.

BLOW, Henry Taylor (1817-1875), Representative from Missouri; born in Southampton County, Va.; moved to St. Louis, in 1830; engaged in the paint and oil business and later became interested in lead mines; member of State senate 1854-1858; served as Minister Resident at Venezuela from 1861 to 1862; elected as Unconditional Unionist and as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); resumed his former business pursuits; Minister to Brazil from 1869 to 1871; was member of Board of Commissioners of District of Columbia in 1874 and 1875.

BOUTWELL, George Sewel (1818-1905), Representative and Senator from Massachusetts; born in Brookline; taught school in Shirley, Mass.; engaged in mercantile pursuits in Groton, Mass., 1841; appointed postmaster of Groton 1841; member, State house of representatives 1842/1850; unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election to Congress and governorship on several occasions between 1844 and 1850; State bank commissioner 1849-1851; Governor of Massachusetts 1851-1852; member of  State constitutional convention in 1853; secretary of  State board of education 1855-1861; member of board of overseers of Harvard University 1850-1860; member of peace convention of 1861 held in Washington, D.C., in effort to devise means to prevent impending war; served on military commission under War Department in 1862; first Commissioner of Internal Revenue in 1862, 1863; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869 resigned); one of  managers appointed by House of Representatives in 1868 to conduct impeachment proceedings against President  Johnson; appointed Secretary of  Treasury by President Grant (1869-1873 resigned); elected as Republican to Senate (1873-1877) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Henry Wilson; appointed by President  Hayes as commissioner to codify and edit Statutes at Large in 1877; United States counsel before French and American Claims Commission 1880; declined appointment as Secretary of  Treasury in 1884; practiced law in Washington, D.C.; counsel for Haiti in 1885, Hawaii in 1886, and Chile in 1893, 1894; president of Anti-Imperialist League 1898-1905.

BOYD, Sempronius Hamilton (1828-1894), Representative from Missouri; born near Nashville, Williamson County, Tenn.; moved to Missouri in 1840 with parents, who settled on farm near Springfield, Greene County; moved to California in 1849, where he prospected for gold and taught school; returned to Missouri in 1854; clerk of court of Greene County 1854-1856; in 1856 commenced law practice in Springfield, Mo.; mayor of Springfield in 1856; during Civil War raised Twenty-fourth Missouri Infantry and served as colonel until his election to Congress; elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress (1863-1865); appointed judge of court of fourteenth judicial district in 1865; member of Republican National Committee 1864-1868; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1864; interested in building and operating Southwest Pacific Railroad 1867-1874; elected as Republican to Congress (1869-1871); operated wagon factory 1874-1876; resumed practice of law; appointed Minister Resident and consul general to Siam by President Harrison in 1890, and served until 1892.

BRANDEGEE, Augustus (1828-1904), Representative from Connecticut; born in New London; graduated from Yale College in 1849 and Yale Law School in 1851; in 1851 commenced law practice in New London; member of State house of representatives 1854/1861, and served as speaker last term; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); delegate to Republican National Convention in 1864, Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866, Republican National Conventions in 1880 and 1884; resumed practice of law; corporation counsel of New London in 1897 and 1898.

BROOMALL, John Martin (1816-1894), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Upper Chichester Township, Delaware County; taught school for several years; in 1840 commenced law practice in Chester, Pa.; member of State house of representatives in 1851 and 1852; served on State revenue board in 1854; lost election in 1854 and 1858 to Congress; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; moved to Media in 1860 and continued law; served in Union Army as captain of Company C, Twenty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Emergency Men, from June to August 1863; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); resumed practice of law; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1874; appointed judge of courts of Delaware County in 1874 and served until 1875, lost election to succeed himself; again resumed practice of law.

BROWN, William Gay (1800-1884), Representative from Virginia and West Virginia; born in Kingwood, Preston County, Va. (now West Virginia); in 1823 commenced law practice in Kingwood, Va.; member of State house of delegates in 1832 and 1840-1843; elected as Democrat to Congress (1845-1849); delegate to State constitutional conventions in 1850 and 1861; delegate to Democratic National Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860; elected as Unionist to  Congress (1861-1863); upon admission of West Virginia as State was elected as Unconditional Unionist from West Virginia to Congress (1863-1864).

CLARK, Ambrose Williams (1810-1887), Representative from New York; born near Cooperstown; publisher of Otsego Journal 1831-1836, Northern Journal in Lewis County 1836-1844, and Northern New York Journal at Watertown 1844-1860; surrogate for five years; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1865); appointed consul at Valparaiso by President Lincoln (1865-1869); acted as Chargé d’Affaires in Chile in absence of Minister in 1869.

CLARKE, Freeman (1809-1887), Representative from New York; born in Troy, went into business for himself at age fifteen; began career as cashier of Bank of Orleans, Albion; moved to Rochester, 1845; became director and president of numerous banks, railroads, and telegraph and trust companies of Rochester and New York City; delegate to Whig National Convention at Baltimore in 1852; vice president of first Republican State convention of New York in 1854; appointed Comptroller of Currency in 1865; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1867; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1865); Comptroller of Currency from 1865 to 1867; elected to Congress (1871-1875); resumed his former business pursuits.

COBB, Amasa (1823-1905), Representative from Wisconsin; born in Crawford County, Ill.; moved to Territory of Wisconsin in 1842 and engaged in lead mining; served in Mexican War as private in U.S. Army; practiced law in Mineral Point, Iowa County, Wis.; district attorney 1850-1854; member of State senate in 1855, 1856; adjutant general of Wisconsin 1855-1858; member of State assembly in 1860, 1861 and served as speaker during last year; entered Union Army as colonel of Fifth Wisconsin Infantry July 1861; became colonel of Forty-third Wisconsin Infantry  September, 1864; brevetted brigadier general March , 1865; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1871); moved to Lincoln, Nebr., and continued practice of law; appointed mayor of Lincoln, Nebr., in 1873; associate justice of State supreme court 1878-1892 and chief justice for four years.

COFFROTH, Alexander Hamilton (1828-1906), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Somerset, Somerset County; published Democratic paper in Somerset for five years; studied law in office of Hon. Jeremiah S. Black; practiced law in Somerset; delegate to several Democratic State conventions; delegate to Democratic National Conventions in Charleston and Baltimore in 1860; assessor of internal revenue in 1867; delegate to Democratic National Convention in 1872; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); claimed reelection to Congress and served until 1866, when he was succeeded by William H. Koontz, who contested election; elected to Congress (1879-1881); resumed the practice of law in Somerset; he was the last surviving pallbearer who had served at the funeral of President Lincoln.

COLE, Cornelius (1822-1924), Representative and Senator from California; born in Lodi, Seneca County, N.Y.; graduated from Wesleyan University, in 1847; went to California in 1849, and after working a year in gold mines practiced law in San Francisco in 1850; moved to Sacramento in 1851; district attorney of Sacramento City and County 1859-1862; member of Republican National Committee 1856-1860; moved to Santa Cruz in 1862; during Civil War was commissioned as captain in Union Army in 1863; elected as a Union Republican to Congress (1863-1865); elected as Republican to Senate (1867-1873); resumed practice of law; moved to Colegrove, Los Angeles County, Calif., in 1880, and retired.

COLFAX, Schuyler (1823-1885), Representative from Indiana and Vice President; born in New York City; in 1836 moved with parents to New Carlisle, Ind.; appointed deputy auditor of St. Joseph County 1841; became legislative correspondent for Indiana State Journal; purchased  interest in  South Bend Free Press and changed its name in 1845 to St. Joseph Valley Register, Whig organ of northern Indiana; member of State constitutional convention in 1850; lost election as Whig to the Thirty-second Congress; elected as Republican to  Congress (1855-1869); Speaker of House (Thirty-eighth - Fortieth Congresses); elected Vice President (1869-1873)on Republican ticket headed by Gen. Grant; lost renomination in 1872, owing to charges of corruption in connection with Credit Mobilier of America scandal.

CRESWELL, John Angel James (1828-1891), Representative and Senator from Maryland; born at Creswells Ferry (now Port Deposit), Cecil County;  in 1850 commenced law practice in Elkton; lost election on Whig ticket in 1850 to Reform State Convention; member, State house of delegates 1861; affiliated with Republican Party in 1861; adjutant general of  State 1862-1863; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1865); lost reelection in 1864; elected to Senate (1865-1867) to fill vacancy caused by death of Thomas H. Hicks; was elected secretary of  Senate in 1868, but declined to serve; appointed Postmaster General by President Grant (1869-1874 resigned); served as counsel of U.S. before Alabama Claims Commission 1874-1876; resumed practice of law; president of two banks.

DAVIS, Henry Winter (1817-1865), Representative from Maryland; born in Annapolis; lived in Alexandria, Va. and Wilmington; returned to Maryland in 1827 with father, who settled in Anne Arundel County; studied law at University of Virginia; practiced law in Alexandria; in 1850 moved to Baltimore, Md., where he continued law and also engaged in literary pursuits; elected as candidate of American Party to Congress (1855-1861); lost reelection in 1860 ; elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress (1863-1865); chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs (Thirty-eighth Congress); co-sponsor of Wade-Davis bill of 1864.

DAVIS, Thomas Treadwell (1810-1872), Representative from New York; born in Middlebury, Addison County, Vt.; moved to New York in 1817 with parents, who settled in Clinton, Oneida County; moved to Syracuse, Onondaga County, in 1831; in 1833 commenced law practice in Syracuse; was also interested in railroading and coal mining; elected as Unionist to Congress and reelected as a Republican (1863-1867); resumed practice of law in Syracuse.

DAWES, Henry Laurens (1816-1903), Representative and Senator from Massachusetts; born in Cummington,; graduated from Yale College in 1839; became teacher and edited Greenfield Gazette and North Adams Transcript; in 1842 commenced law practice in North Adams; member, State house of representatives 1848/1852; member, State senate 1850; member of State constitutional convention in 1853; district attorney for western district of Massachusetts 1853-1857; elected to Congress (1857-1875); declined reelection candidacy in 1874; elected as Republican to Senate (1875-1893); declined candidacy for reelection ; Committee on Indian Affairs; settled in Pittsfield, Mass.; chairman of commission created to administer tribal affairs of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians in Indian Territory 1893-1903.

DEMING, Henry Champion (1815-1872), Representative from Connecticut; born in Colchester, New London County; graduated from Yale College in 1836 and Harvard Law School in 1839; in 1839 began law practice in New York City but devoted time chiefly to literary work; moved to Hartford, Conn., in 1847; member of State house of representatives in 1849-1850, and 1859-1861; member of State senate in 1851; mayor of Hartford, Conn., 1854-1858 and 1860-1862; entered Union Army in 1861 as colonel of Twelfth Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers; mayor of New Orleans under martial law from 1862 to 1863, when he resigned from Army; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); lost reelection in 1866 ; appointed collector of internal revenue in 1869 and served until his death.

DIXON, Nathan Fellows (1812-1881), Representative from Rhode Island; born in Westerly; s graduated Brown University, in 1833; later pursued law at the Cambridge and New Haven  Law Schools; in 1837 and commenced law practice in Westerly, R.I.; also engaged in banking; member of State house of representatives 1841/1877; appointed member of Governor’s council in 1842; elected as Whig to Congress (1849-1851); elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1871); declined candidacy for reelection in 1870; delegate to Union National Convention at Philadelphia in 1866; resumed practice of law and banking.

DONNELLY, Ignatius (1831-1901), Representative from Minnesota; born in Philadelphia; in 1852 commenced law practice in Philadelphia; moved to Minnesota in 1857 and settled in Nininger, Dakota County; engaged in literary pursuits; Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota 1859-1863; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); lost reelection in 1868 and 1870; member of  State senate 1874-1878; resumed practice of law; also engaged in literary pursuits; nominated by People’s Party in 1892 for Vice President of the United States.

DRIGGS, John Fletcher (1813-1877), Representative from Michigan; born in Kinderhook, N.Y.; moved with parents to Tarrytown, in 1825; to New York City in 1827; apprentice, journeyman, and master mechanic in trade of sash, door, and blind manufacturing 1829-1856; superintendent of New York penitentiary and public institutions on Blackwells Island in 1844; moved to Michigan in 1856; engaged in real-estate business and salt manufacturing; president of common council of East Saginaw, Mich., in 1858; member of State house of representatives in 1859 and 1860; was tendered an appointment as colonel during Civil War; organized Twenty-ninth Michigan Infantry 1864; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); lost election in 1870 to Congress; one of committee appointed to accompany the body of President Lincoln to Springfield, Ill., for interment; injured by fall on ice in winter of 1875-1876, which caused death.

DUMONT, Ebenezer (1814-1871, Representative from Indiana; born in Vevay;  practiced law in Vevay; member of State house of representatives in 1838; treasurer of Vevay 1839-1845; lieutenant colonel of Volunteers in Mexican War; member of State house of representatives in 1850 and 1853; colonel of Seventh Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, during Civil War; promoted to brigadier general of Volunteers 1861, and served until 1863, when he resigned; elected as Unionist to Congress and reelected as a Republican (1863-1867); appointed by President Grant Governor of Idaho Territory, but died before taking the oath of office.]

ECKLEY, Ephraim Ralph (1811-1908), Representative from Ohio; born near Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County; moved with parents to Hayesville in 1816; moved to Carrollton, Carroll County in 1833 and taught school; in 1836 commenced law practice in Carrollton; member of State senate 1843/1850; lost election for Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1851; served in State house of representatives 1853-1857; lost election in 1853 to Senate; delegate to first Republican National Convention at Philadelphia in 1856; during Civil War served in Union Army as colonel of Twenty-sixth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and Eighteenth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry; brevetted brigadier general; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); resumed practice of law in Carrollton.

ELIOT, Thomas Dawes (1808-1870), Representative from Massachusetts; born in Boston; graduated from Columbian College (now George Washington University), in 1825; in 1831 commenced law practice in New Bedford, Mass.; member of  State house of representatives in 1839; served in State senate in 1846; elected as Whig to Congress (1854-1855) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Zeno Scudder; declined candidacy for renomination in 1854; delegate to Free-Soil Convention in Worcester, Mass., in 1855; declined candidacy for nomination by Republican Party for attorney general of Massachusetts in 1857; elected as Republican to Congress (1859-1869); chairman, Committee on Freedmen’s Bureau; resumed practice of law in New Bedford, Mass.

ENGLISH, James Edward (1812-1890), Representative and Senator from Connecticut; born in New Haven; engaged in lumber business, banking, and manufacturing; member, New Haven board of selectmen 1847-1861; member, common council 1848-1849; member, State house of representatives 1855; member, State senate 1856-1858; lost race for lieutenant governor 1860; elected as Democrat to Congress (1861-1865); lost election as Governor in 1866; elected Governor of Connecticut in 1867/1870; member, State house of representatives 1872; lost election in 1872 to Congress; appointed as Democrat to Senate (1875-1876) to fill vacancy caused by death of Orris S. Ferry ; lost successor election; resumed manufacturing and commercial activities.

FARNSWORTH, John Franklin (1820-1897), Representative from Illinois; born in Eaton, Canada; settled in Ann Arbor, Mich.; in 1841 commenced law practice at St. Charles, Ill.; moved to Chicago, Ill.; elected as Republican to Congress (1857-1861); served in Union Army during Civil War; commissioned colonel of Eighth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, 1861; brigadier general of Volunteers 1862; resigned 1863, to take up duties as Congressman; elected to Congress (1863-1873); lost renomination in 1872; resumed practice of law in Chicago; moved to Washington, D.C., in 1880 and continued practice of law.

FRANK, Augustus (1826-1895),  Representative from New York; born in Warsaw, Wyoming County; engaged in mercantile pursuits; director and vice president of  Buffalo & New York City Railroad Co.; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1856; elected as Republican to Congress (1859-1865); director of Wyoming County National Bank in 1865; member of State constitutional convention in 1867 and 1868; one of managers of Buffalo State Hospital for Insane  1870-1882; organized Bank of Warsaw in 1871 and served as president until his death; director of Rochester Trust & Safe Deposit Co.; State commissioner for preservation of public parks; member of board of directors of Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad; delegate at large to State constitutional convention in 1894.

GANSON, John (1818-1874), Representative from New York; born in Le Roy, Genesee County; graduated from Harvard University in 1839; in 1846 commenced law practice in Canandaigua, Ontario County; moved to Buffalo; member of State senate in 1862, 1863; elected as Democrat to Thirty-eighth Congress (1863-1865); resumed practice of law at Buffalo; railroad director; delegate to  Democratic National Convention in 1864.

GARFIELD, James Abram (1831-1881), Representative from Ohio and 20th President; born in Orange, Cuyahoga County; driver and helmsman on Ohio Canal; entered Geauga Seminary, Chester, Ohio, 1849; attended the Eclectic Institute, Hiram, Ohio, 1851-1854; graduated from Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1858; teacher; professor of ancient languages and literature in Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio; president of Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio, 1857-1861; member of Ohio state senate 1859; lawyer, private practice; Union Army, Ohio Volunteer Infantry 1861-1863; elected as Republican to Congresses (1863-1880); chair, Committee on Military Affairs; chair, Committee on Banking and Currency; chair, Committee on Appropriations; member of Electoral Commission created by act of Congress approved 1877, to decide contests in various States in presidential election of 1876; elected to Senate but declined to accept Presidency (1881 to death) died  in Elberon, N.J., from the affects of an assassin’s attack on July 2, 1881, in Washington, D.C.

GOOCH, Daniel Wheelwright (1820-1891), Representative from Massachusetts; born in Wells, York County, Maine; Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., graduated from Dartmouth College, in 1843; practiced law in Boston in 1846; member of Massachusetts house of representatives in 1852; member of State constitutional convention in 1853; elected as Republican to Congress (1858-1865 resigned) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Nathaniel P. Banks; appointed Navy agent of port of Boston in 1865; removed by President Johnson in 1866; elected to Congress (1873-1875); lost reelection in 1874; pension agent in Boston 1876-1886; resumed practice of law and also engaged in literary pursuits.

GRINNELL, Josiah Bushnell (1821-1891), Representative from Iowa; born in New Haven, Addison County, Vt.; ordained Presbyterian clergyman; held pastorates in Union Village, N.Y., Washington, D.C., and Congregational Church of New York City; moved to Iowa in 1854 and founded town of Grinnell, Poweshiek County, and also Grinnell University; member of State senate 1856-1860; in 1858 admitted to bar and practiced law; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; special agent for Post Office Department for two years; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); resumed practice of law; interested in building of railroads; director of Rock Island Railroad; receiver of Iowa Central Railroad (later  St. Louis & St. Paul Railroad); president of  State Horticultural Society and of First National Bank in Grinnell.

GRISWOLD, John Augustus (1822-1872), Representative from New York; born in Nassau, Rensselaer County; engaged in mercantile pursuits and in steel manufacture; mayor of Troy in 1855; engaged in banking and served as president of  Troy & Lansingburgh Railroad Co., Troy & Cohoes Railroad Co., and New Orleans, Mobile & Texas Railroad Co.; lost election in 1860 to Congress; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); reelected as Republican (1865-1869); unsuccessful Republican candidate for Governor of New York; elected regent of University of  State of New York 1869.

HALE, James Tracy (1815-1888), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Towanda, Bradford County; in 1832 and commenced law practice in Bellefonte; appointed president judge of twentieth judicial district in 1851; elected as Republican and Independent Republican to Congress (1859-1865).

HERRICK, Anson (1812-1868), Representative from New York; born in Lewiston, Androscoggin County, Maine; learned the art of printing; established Citizen at Wiscasset, Maine, 1833; moved to New York City in 1836; established New York Atlas, 1838, which he continued until death; member of board of aldermen 1854-1856; naval storekeeper for port of New York 1857-1861; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); lost reelection in 1864 resumed journalistic pursuits; delegate to Union National Convention at Philadelphia in 1866.

HIGBY, William (1813-1887), Representative from California; born in Willsboro, N.Y.; in 1847 commenced law practice in Elizabethtown, N.Y.; moved to California in 1850 and settled in Calaveras County; resumed practice of law; district attorney 1853-1859; served in State senate in 1862 and 1863; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); chairman, Committee on Mines and Mining; lost renomination in 1868; editor of Calaveras Chronicle for several years; was collector of internal revenue 1877-1881; devoted himself to horticulture.

HOOPER, Samuel (1808-1875), Representative from Massachusetts; born in Marblehead; employed as agent for importing firm and traveled extensively in foreign countries until 1832, engaged in importing business in Boston, and later in iron business; member of State house of representatives 1851-1853; served in State senate in 1858; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-death) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of William Appleton; Committee on Banking and Currency , Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures.

HOTCHKISS, Giles Waldo (1815-1878), Representative from New York; born in Windsor, Broome County; in 1837 practiced law in Binghamton; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); lost renomination in 1866; reelected to Congress (1869-1871); resumed practice of law in Binghamton.

HUBBARD, Asahel Wheeler (1819-1879), Representative from Iowa; born in Haddam, Conn.; engaged as stonecutter; pursued studies at select school in Middletown, Conn.; moved to Rushville, Ind., 1838, where he was employed as book agent and taught school; in 1841 commenced law practice in Rushville; member of Indiana house of representatives 1847-1849; moved to Sioux City, Iowa, in 1857 and engaged in real estate; judge of fourth judicial district 1859-1862; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); not a candidate for renomination in 1868; one of organizers of First National Bank of Sioux City in 1871 and was it’s president until  1879; was also interested in railroad building in Iowa and in mining property in Leadville, Colo.

HUBBARD, John Henry (1804-1872), Representative from Connecticut; born in Salisbury, Litchfield County; in 1828 commenced law practice in Lakeville; member of State senate 1847-1849; prosecuting attorney 1849-1852; moved to Litchfield in 1855 and continued practice of law; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); lost renomination in 1866; resumed practice of law.

HULBURD, Calvin Tilden (1809-1897), Representative from New York; born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence County; attended Yale College Law School; admitted to bar in 1833; member of New York assembly 1842-1844 and 1862; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); superintendent of construction of New York post office.

HUTCHINS, Wells Andrews (1818-1895), Representative from Ohio; born in Hartford, Trumbull County; taught school; in 1841 commenced law practice in Warren, Trumbull County; moved to Portsmouth, 1842; member of State house of representatives 1852, 1853; city solicitor of Portsmouth 1857-1861; U.S. provost marshal for Ohio in 1862; lost race for Congress, 1860; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); lost 1864 reelection, again in 1880; resumed practice of law in Portsmouth.

INGERSOLL, Ebon Clark (1831-1879), Representative from Illinois; born in Dresden, Yates County, N.Y.; moved to Wisconsin Territory in 1843 and then Illinois; in 1854 commenced law practice in Peoria; member of State house of representatives in 1856; elected as Republican to Congress (1864-1871) to fill vacancy caused by death of Owen Lovejoy; chairman, Committee on District of Columbia , Committee on Roads and Canals ,Committee on Railways and Canals; lost reelection in 1870; settled in Washington, D.C., and engaged practice of law.

JENCKES, Thomas Allen (1818-1875), Representative from Rhode Island; born in Cumberland; graduated from Brown University, 1838; in 1840 commenced law practice in Providence; clerk in State legislature 1840-1844; secretary of State constitutional convention, 1842; adjutant general 1845-1855; member of State house of representatives 1854-1857; commissioner to revise laws of State in 1855; elected as Republican to Congress (1863- 1871); lost reelection in 1870; resumed practice of law.

JULIAN, George Washington (1817-1899), Representative from Indiana; born near Centerville, Wayne County; 1840 commenced law practice in Greenfield; member of State house of representatives in 1845; delegate to Buffalo Free-Soil Convention in 1848; elected as Free-Soiler to Congress (1849-1851); lost election in 1850; lost race for Vice President on Free-Soil ticket in 1852; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1856; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1871); appointed by President Cleveland surveyor general of New Mexico (1885-1889); returned to Indiana and settled in Irvington; engaged in literary pursuits.

KASSON, John Adam (1822-1910), Representative from Iowa; born in Charlotte, Chittenden County, Vt.; practiced law in St. Louis, Mo., until 1857; moved to Des Moines, Iowa, and resumed practice of law; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; First Assistant Postmaster General in President Lincoln’s administration in (1861-1862 resigned); U.S. commissioner to International Postal Congress at Paris in 1863; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); chairman, Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures; lost renomination in 1866; commissioner from U.S. in 1867 to negotiate postal conventions with Great Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy; member of State house of representatives 1868-1872; elected to Congress (1873-1877); appointed Minister to Austria-Hungary October 17, 1877-1881; reelected to Congress (1881-1884 resigned.); appointed Minister to Germany July 4, 1884, and served one year; special envoy to Congo International Conference at Berlin in 1885 and to Samoan International Conference in 1889; U.S. special commissioner plenipotentiary to negotiate reciprocity treaties in 1897; member of U.S. and British Joint High Commission in 1898 to adjust differences with Canada.

KELLEY, William Darrah (1814-1890), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Philadelphia; apprentice in jewelry establishment 1828-1835; moved to Boston, in 1835 and engaged as journeyman jeweler; returned to Philadelphia in 1840; in 1841 practiced law; deputy prosecuting attorney for city and county of Philadelphia in 1845, 1846; judge of court of common pleas for Philadelphia 1846-1856; lost election in 1856 to Congress; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; elected as a Republican to Congress (1861-death); chairman, Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures.

KELLOGG, Francis William (1810-1879), Representative from Michigan and from Alabama; born in Worthington, Mass.; moved to Columbus, Ohio, in 1833; then to Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1855 and engaged in lumber business at Kelloggville, Kent County; member of State house of representatives in 1857, 1858; elected from Michigan as Republican to Congress (1859-1865); during Civil War organized Second, Third, and Sixth Regiments by authority of War Department and was appointed colonel of Third Regiment; appointed by President Johnson collector of internal revenue for southern district of Alabama (1866 to 1868); upon readmission of Alabama to representation was elected as Republican to Congress (1868 to 1869); moved to New York City and later to Alliance, Stark County, Ohio.

KELLOGG, Orlando, Representative from New York; born in Elizabethtown, engaged in carpenter’s trade in early youth; in 1838 and commenced law practice in Elizabethtown; surrogate of Essex County 1840-1844; elected as Whig to Congress (1847-1849); not a candidate for renomination; resumed law practice; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-death).

KING, Austin Augustus (1802-1870), Representative from Missouri; born in Sullivan County, Tenn.; in 1822 commenced law practice in Jackson, Tenn.; moved to Columbia, Mo., in 1830 and continued practice of law; served as colonel in Black Hawk War; member of State house of representatives in 1834, 1836; moved to Richmond, Mo., in 1837, having been appointed circuit judge of fifth circuit, served until 1848; Governor of Missouri 1848-1853; lost election to Congress in 1852; resumed practice of law in Richmond, Mo.; delegate to Democratic National Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860; circuit judge (1862-1863 resigned); elected as Unionist to Congress (1863-1865); lost reelection; resumed practice of law.

KNOX, Samuel (1815-1905), Representative from Missouri; born in Blandford, Mass.; graduated from law department of Harvard University in 1838; moved to St. Louis, Mo., in 1838; practiced law; city counselor in 1845; successfully contested as Unconditional Unionist election of Francis P. Blair, Jr., to Congress (1864-1865); lost reelection; resumed practice of law in St. Louis, Mo.

LITTLEJOHN, De Witt Clinton (1818-1892), Representative from New York; born in Bridgewater, Oneida County; engaged in mercantile pursuits and in manufacture of flour at Oswego; mayor of city in 1849, 1850; member of State assembly 1853/1871, 1884; served as speaker 1859/1871; during Civil War served as colonel of One Hundred and Tenth New York Volunteer Infantry; resigned 1863; elected as Republican to (1863-1865); chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Pensions (Thirty-eighth Congress); was not candidate for renomination; brevetted brigadier general of Volunteers 1865.

LOAN, Benjamin Franklin (1819-1881), Representative from Missouri; born in Hardinsburg, Breckinridge County, Ky.; in 1840 practiced law in St. Joseph; served in Union Army during Civil War; commissioned brigadier general of Missouri State Militia in service of U.S., (1861-1863); elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress and reelected as Republican  (1863-1869); chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Pensions; lost reelection; appointed by President Grant a visitor to U.S. Military Academy in 1869; resumed practice of law in St. Joseph; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1876; lost election in 1876 to Congress.

LONGYEAR, John Wesley (1820-1875), Representative from Michigan; born in Shandaken, Ulster County, N.Y.; taught school for several years; moved to Mason, Ingham County, Mich., in 1844 and taught school; moved to Lansing, Mich., in 1847 and engaged in practice of law; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); not a candidate for renomination; delegate to Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1866 and to Michigan State constitutional convention in 1867; appointed by President Grant judge of U.S. District Court for Eastern District of Michigan, 1870; moved to Detroit in 1871.

MARVIN, James Madison (1809-1901), Representative from New York; born in Ballston, Saratoga County; moved to Saratoga Springs; engaged in hotel business in Saratoga Springs and Albany; Whig member of State assembly in 1845; member of  board of supervisors of Saratoga County and served as chairman of board in 1845/1874; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); not a candidate for re-nomination; president of First National Bank of Saratoga Springs; director of  New York Central Railroad.

McALLISTER, Archibald (1813-1883), Representative from Pennsylvania; born at Fort Hunter, near Rockville, Dauphin County; moved to Blair County, Pa., in 1842 and engaged in manufacturing charcoal iron at Springfield Furnace; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); not renomination; resumed the manufacture of iron.

McBRIDE, John Rogers (1832-1904), Representative from Oregon; born near St. Louis, in Franklin County, Mo.; moved to Oregon in 1851 with his parents, who settled near Lafayette, in Yamhill County; superintendent of schools in 1854; in 1855 commenced law practice in Lafayette; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1857; member of State senate 1860-1862; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1865); lost renomination; appointed by President Lincoln in 1865 to be chief justice of Idaho Territory; appointed by President Grant in 1869 to be superintendent of U.S. assay office at Boise, Idaho; practiced law in Boise, Idaho, and Salt Lake City, Utah; moved to Spokane, Wash., and continued law practice; member of Republican National Committee 1880-1892.

McCLURG, Joseph Washington (1818-1900), Representative from Missouri; born near Lebanon, St. Louis County; taught school in Louisiana and Mississippi in 1835, 1836; moved to Texas in 1839; practiced law at Columbus, Tex.; clerk of circuit court in 1840; returned to Missouri in 1841 and engaged in mercantile pursuits; served during Civil War as colonel of Cavalry in Union Army; member of State convention 1861-1863; elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress and reelected as a Republican (1865-1868 resigned); elected Republican Governor of Missouri (1869-1871); lost reelection; resumed mercantile pursuits  and also engaged in steamboating and lead mining; register of land office at Springfield, in 1889.

McINDOE, Walter Duncan (1819-1872), Representative from Wisconsin; born in Dumbartonshire, Scotland; immigrated to U.S. in 1834; engaged in business in New York, Charleston, and St. Louis; settled in Wisconsin in 1845 and engaged in lumber business; member of State assembly in 1850/1855; lost gubernatorial nomination in 1857; provost marshal of Wisconsin during Civil War; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867) to fill vacancy caused by death of Luther Hanchett; chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Pensions; declined  renomination in 1866; resumed lumber business.]

MILLER, Samuel Franklin (1827-1892), Representative from New York; born in Franklin, Delaware County; admitted to the bar in 1853; engaged in farming and lumbering; member of State assembly in 1854; served as colonel in State militia; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1865); member of State constitutional convention in 1867; district collector of internal revenue 1869-1873; member of State board of charities 1869-1877; elected to Congress (1875-1877); continued agricultural pursuits and lumbering.

MOORHEAD, James Kennedy (1806-1884), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Halifax, Dauphin County; served an apprenticeship at tanner’s trade, after he became a canal contractor; superintendent and supervisor on Juniata Canal in 1828; projected and established first passenger packet line on Pennsylvania Canal in 1835; appointed adjutant general of Pennsylvania in 1838; constructed Monongahela Navigation Canal and was president of company twenty-one years; president of Atlantic & Ohio Telegraph Co., which later became Western Union Telegraph Co.; elected as Republican to Congress (1859-1869); declined renomination; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1868; lost election to Senate in 1880; president of chamber of commerce of Pittsburgh (1877-death).

MORRILL, Justin Smith (1810-1898), Representative and Senator from Vermont; born in Strafford, Orange County; merchant’s clerk in Strafford 1825-1828 and in Portland, Maine, 1828-1831; merchant in Strafford 1831-1848; engaged in agriculture and horticulture 1848-1855; elected as Whig  then as Republican to Congress (1855-1867); author of Tariff Act of 1861 and of Morrill land-grant bill; elected as Union Republican then Republican to Senate (1867-death); regent of Smithsonian Institution 1883-1898; trustee of University of Vermont 1865-1898.

MORRIS, Daniel (1812-1889), Representative from New York; born in Fayette, Seneca County; in 1845 commenced law practice in Penn Yan, Yates County; district attorney of Yates County, 1847-1850; member of State assembly in 1859; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); not a candidate for reelection; resumed practice of law.

MYERS, Amos (1824-1893), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Petersburg, Lancaster County; in 1846 commenced law practice in Clarion, held several local offices; was appointed district attorney of Clarion County in 1847; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1865); resumed practice of law; moved to Kentucky, was ordained to Baptist ministry, and preached in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New York.

MYERS, Leonard (1827-1905), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Attleboro (now Langhorne), Bucks County; attended University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia; in 1848 practiced law in Philadelphia; held local offices; major of Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Militia, during emergency service of September 1862; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); successfully contested election of John Moffet to Forty-first Congress and was then reelected (1869-1875); chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Patents; lost reelection in 1874; resumed practice of law.

NELSON, Homer Augustus (1829-1891), Representative from New York; born in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County; commenced law practice in Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; judge of Dutchess County 1855-1862; colonel of One Hundred and Fifty-ninth Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, during Civil War; resigned in 1863; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); lost reelection; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1867; secretary of state of New York 1867-1870; member of State senate in 1882, 1883; appointed member of commission to report a revision of judiciary article of State constitution in 1890.

NORTON, Jesse Olds (1812-1875), Representative from Illinois; born in Bennington, Bennington County, Vt.; moved to Illinois; in 1840 began law practice in Joliet, Ill.; member of State constitutional convention in 1847; member of State house of representatives in 1851, 1852; elected as Whig reelected as a Republican to Congress (1853-1857); not a candidate for re-nomination; judge of eleventh judicial district of Illinois 1857-1862; elected to Congress (1863-1865); delegate to Union National Convention at Philadelphia in 1866; resumed law practice of his profession.

O’NEILL, Charles, Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Philadelphia; in 1843 commenced law practice in Philadelphia; member of State house of representatives 1850-1852, 1860; served in State senate in 1853; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1871); lost reelection; reelected to Congress (1873-death).

ODELL, Moses Fowler (1818-1866), Representative from New York; born in Tarrytown, Westchester County; appointed entry clerk in New York customhouse in 1845 and became public appraiser; elected as Democrat to Congress (1861-1865); appointed Navy agent at city of New York (1865-death).

ORTH, Godlove Stein (1817-1882) Representative from Indiana; born in Lebanon, Pa.; in 1839 commenced law practice in LaFayette, Ind.; member of State senate 1843-1848, served one year as president; presidential elector on Whig ticket in 1848; delegate to peace convention held in Washington, D.C., in 1861 in effort to devise means to prevent impending war; served as captain of company of Volunteers during the Civil War; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1871,1873-1875,1879-death)); Committee on Foreign Affairs; not a candidate for reelection, 1870,1874; appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria-Hungary (1875-1876 resigned).

PATTERSON, James Willis (1823-1893), Representative and Senator from New Hampshire; born in Henniker; graduated from Dartmouth College,  in 1848; principal of Woodstock Academy, Conn., for two years; attended Theological Seminary at New Haven, Conn.; studied law; professor of mathematics, astronomy, and meteorology at Dartmouth College 1854-1865; member, State house of representatives in 1862; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); elected to Senate (1867-1873); Committee on the District of Columbia ; regent of Smithsonian Institution; member, State house of representatives 1877-1878; State superintendent of public instruction 1881-1893; president of American Institute of Instruction.

PERHAM, Sidney (1819-1907), Representative from Maine; born in Woodstock; engaged in agricultural pursuits; member of State house of representatives in 1854 and served as speaker; clerk of courts of Oxford County, Maine, 1859-1863; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); chairman, Committee on Invalid Pensions; not a candidate for renomination; Governor of Maine 1871-1874; president of board of trustees of Westbrook Seminary, Deering, Maine, 1865-1880 and of Maine Industrial School at Hallowell 1873-1898; secretary of state of Maine in 1875 to fill a vacancy; served as appraiser in customhouse at Portland, Maine, 1877-1885; member of board of trustees of Universalist General Convention for twenty-seven years and served as president of board.

PIKE, Frederick Augustus (1816-1886), Representative from Maine; born in Calais; graduated from Bowdoin College, Brunswick in 1837; commenced law practice in Calais, Washington County, in 1840; mayor of Calais in 1852, 1853; member of State house of representatives 1858-1860, 1870-1871, and served as speaker in 1860; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1869); chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State, Committee on Naval Affairs; lost renomination in 1868; resumed practice of law; lost election in 1872 to Congress.

POMEROY, Theodore Medad (1824-1905), Representative from New York; born in Cayuga; in 1846 commenced law practice in Auburn; district attorney of Cayuga County 1850-1856; member of State assembly in 1857; delegate to Republican National Conventions in 1860, 1876, and served as temporary chairman of latter convention; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1869); Committee on Banking and Currency ; during the Fortieth Congress was elected Speaker of the House on last day of session serving one day only; declined renomination in 1868; first vice president and general counsel of American Express Co. in 1868; engaged in banking in Auburn, N.Y., after 1870; mayor of Auburn in 1875, 1876; member of State senate in 1878, 1879.

PRICE, Hiram (1814-1901), Representative from Iowa; born in Washington County, Pa.; engaged in agricultural pursuits on father’s farm for several years; employed as bookkeeper for large commission house near Pittsburgh; moved to Davenport, Iowa, in 1844 and engaged in mercantile business; served as collector, treasurer, and recorder of Scott County, Iowa; was president of State Bank of Iowa 1859-1866 and became president of First National Bank of Davenport in 1873; during early days of Civil War was appointed by Governor Kirkwood as paymaster general of Iowa troops, to whom he advanced large sums of money; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869,1877-1881); chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Claims (Thirty-eighth Congress), Committee on Pacific Railroads; declined renomination in 1868, 1880; president of Davenport & St. Paul Railroad Co.; appointed chief clerk for Indian Office, 1881; appointed U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1881-1885) under President Garfield; lived in Washington, D.C.

[RADFORD, William (1814-1870), Representative from New York; born in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County; moved to New York City in 1829 and engaged in mercantile pursuits; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1867); lost reelection; resumed his mercantile business.]

RANDALL, Samuel Jackson (1828-1890), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Philadelphia; engaged in mercantile pursuits; member of common council of Philadelphia 1852-1855; member of  State senate in 1858, 1859; served as member of First Troop of Philadelphia in 1861 and was in Union Army three months of that year and again as captain in 1863; was promoted to provost marshal at Gettysburg; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-death); Speaker of the House (Forty-fourth through Forty-sixth Congresses).

RANDALL, William Harrison (1812-1881), Representative from Kentucky; born near Richmond, Madison County; commenced law practice in London, Laurel County, in 1835; clerk of circuit court and county court of Laurel County 1836-1844; elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress (1863-1867); district judge of fifteenth Kentucky district 1870-1880.

RICE, Alexander Hamilton (1818-1895), Representative from Massachusetts; born in Newton Lower Falls; graduated Union College in 1844; engaged in manufacture of paper at Boston; mayor of Boston in 1856, 1857; elected as Republican Congress (1859-1867); chairman, Committee on Naval Affairs (Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses); not a candidate for renomination; resumed paper business; delegate to Philadelphia Loyalist Convention in 1866; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1868; Governor of Massachusetts 1876-1878.

ROLLINS, Edward Henry (1824-1889), Representative and Senator from New Hampshire; born in Somersworth (Rollinsford), Strafford County; engaged in mercantile pursuits at Concord; member, State house of representatives 1855-1857, and served as speaker; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1867); not a candidate for renomination; secretary and treasurer of Union Pacific Railroad Co.; elected as Republican to Senate (1877-1883); lost reelection; president of the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad Co. 1886-1889; founder of First National Bank of Concord, and of banking house of E. H. Rollins & Sons, Boston.

ROLLINS, James Sidney (1824-1889), Representative from Missouri; born in Richmond, Madison County, Ky.; graduated from University of Indiana at Bloomington in 1830; in 1834 commenced law practice in Columbia, Mo.; served as major in Black Hawk War; member of State house of representatives 1838-1840, 1854, and 1867; delegate to Whig National Convention in 1844; served in State senate 1846-1848; lost race for Governor in 1848, 1857; elected as Constitutional Unionist and then Unionist to Congress (1861-1865); resumed law practice; delegate to Philadelphia Union Convention in 1866; president of board of curators of University of Missouri (1869-1886 resigned).

SCHENCK, Robert Cumming (1809-1890), Representative from Ohio; born in Franklin; became professor at Miami University, Ohio, 1827-1829; in 1833 commenced law practice in Dayton; member of State house of representatives 1839-1843; elected as Whig to Congresses then as Republican for second stretch (1843-1851,1863-1871 resigned); Minister to Brazil and Uruguay, Argentine Confederation, and Paraguay, 1851-1853; entered Union Army , 1861, and served as brigadier general of Volunteers; promoted to major general (1862-183 resigned); chairman, Committee on Military Affairs (Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses), lost reelection in 1870; Minister to Great Britain (1870-1876 resigned); delegate to Philadelphia Loyalist Convention in 1866; member of Alabama Claims Commission in 1871; resumed practice of law in Washington, D.C.

SCOFIELD, Glenni William (1817-1891), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Dewittville, Chautauqua County, N.Y., on March 11, 1817; attended the common schools; learned the printing trade; returned to classical study and was graduated from Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., in 1840; engaged in teaching; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1842 and commenced practice in Warren, Pa.; district attorney 1846-1848; member of the State house of representatives 1849-1851; affiliated with Republican Party in 1856; served in State senate 1857-1859; appointed president judge of eighteenth judicial district of Pennsylvania in 1861; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1875); Committee on Naval Affairs ; not a candidate for renomination; resumed practice of law in Warren; appointed Register of Treasury by President Hayes (1878-1881); associate justice of U.S. Court of Claims 1881-1891.

SHANNON, Thomas Bowles (1827-1897), Representative from California; born in Westmoreland County, Pa.; moved to Illinois in 1844 and California in 1849; engaged in mercantile pursuits; member of State assembly in 1859/1862,1871-72, and speaker in 1871; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1865); chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Interior (Thirty-eighth Congress); not a candidate for renomination; appointed surveyor at port of San Francisco  1865, and served four years; appointed by President Grant collector of customs at San Francisco, Calif. (1872-1880); resumed mercantile pursuits.

SLOAN, Ithamar Conkey (1822-1898), Representative from Wisconsin; born in Morrisville, Madison County, N.Y.; in 1848 and commenced law practice in  Oneida County; moved to Janesville, Wis., in 1854 and resumed law practice; district attorney of Rock County, Wis., 1858-1862; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); moved to Madison, Wis., in 1875; dean of law department of University of Wisconsin; special counsel for State of Wisconsin 1874-1879 in Granger law cases.

SMITH, Green Clay (1826-1895), Representative from Kentucky; born in Richmond, Madison County;  served in Mexican War; commissioned second lieutenant in First Regiment, Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, 1846; in 1852 commenced law practice in Covington, Ky.; was school commissioner 1853-1857; member of State house of representatives 1861-1863; commissioned colonel of Fourth Regiment, Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry, 1862; brigadier general of Volunteers (1862-1863 resigned); brevetted major general of Volunteers, 1865; elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress (1863-1866 resigned); chairman, Committee on Militia; appointed by President Johnson as Governor of Montana Territory (1866-1869 resigned); moved to Washington, D.C.; ordained to Baptist ministry; candidate of National Prohibition Party in 1876 for President; pastor of Metropolitan Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. (1890-death).

SMITHERS, Nathaniel Barratt (1818-1896), Representative from Delaware; born in Dover; commenced law practice in Dover, Del., in 1840; secretary of State of Delaware, 1863; elected as Unconditional Unionist to Congress (1863-1865) to fill vacancy caused by death of William Temple; lost reelection; resumed practice of law in Dover; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1864.

SPALDING, Rufus Paine (1798-1886), Representative from Ohio; born in West Tisbury, Mass.; graduated Yale College in 1817; commenced law practice in Little Rock, Ark., 1820, and Warren, Ohio, in 1821, and Ravenna, in 1835; member of  State house of representatives 1839-1842, and served one term as speaker; associate judge of Ohio Supreme Court 1849-1852; resumed practice of law in Cleveland, Ohio; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); not a candidate for renomination.

[STARR, John Farson (1818-1904), Representative from New Jersey; born in Philadelphia, Pa.; moved to Camden, N.J., in 1844; one of founders of Camden Iron Works; engaged in mercantile pursuits; president of First National Bank of Camden for over thirty years, up to his death; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); not a candidate for re-nomination.]

STEELE, John Benedict (1814-1866), Representative from New York; born in Delhiz; in 1839 commenced law practice in Cooperstown; district attorney of Otsego County 1841-1847; moved to Kingston in 1847; elected special judge of Ulster County in 1850; elected as Democrat to Congress (1861-1865); lost re-nomination; was again a candidate for the nomination in 1866, but died on the eve of the primary; was accidentally killed in Rondout, near Kingston, N.Y., September 24, 1866.

STEVENS, Thaddeus (1792-1868), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Danville, Caledonia County, Vt.; graduated Dartmouth College, in 1814; moved to Pennsylvania in 1814; in 1816 commenced law practice in Gettysburg; member of State house of representatives 1833/1841; delegate to State constitutional convention in 1838; appointed as canal commissioner in 1838; moved to Lancaster, in 1842; elected as Whig to Congresses (1849-1853) then as a Republican (1859-death); chairman of the managers appointed by House of Representatives in 1868 to conduct impeachment proceedings against President Johnson.

THAYER, Martin Russell (1819-1906), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Dinwiddie County, near the city limits of Petersburg, Va.; attended Amherst College; moved with father to Philadelphia in 1837; graduated from University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1840; in 1842 commenced law practice in Philadelphia; commissioner to revise revenue laws of Pennsylvania in 1862; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1867); declined to be candidate for renomination; resumed practice of law; judge of district court of Philadelphia 1867-1874; president judge of court of common pleas of Philadelphia (1874-1896 resigned); elected by judges of common pleas court prothonotary of Philadelphia in 1896; also engaged in literary pursuits.

THOMAS, Francis (1799-1876), Representative from Maryland; born in Merryland tract; in 1820 commenced law practice in Frankville; member of Maryland state house of delegates in 1822, 1827, 1829, served last year as speaker; elected as Jacksonian to Congresses then as Democrat (1831-1841) then as Unionist, Unconditional Unionist then Republican (1861-1869); chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, Committee on Naval Affairs; president of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Co. in 1839 and 1840; Governor of Maryland 1841-1844; lost reelection as Governor in 1844; member of Maryland State Constitutional convention in 1850; served as delegate to Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866; collector of internal revenue 1870-1872; United States Minister to Peru (1872-1875); devoted his time to agricultural pursuits; was killed by a locomotive while walking on the railroad tracks near Frankville, Md., January 22, 1876.

TRACY, Henry Wells (1807-1886), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Ulster Township, Bradford County; studied law; engaged in mercantile pursuits and as road contractor in Standing Stone, Havre de Grace, Md., and Towanda, Pa.; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860; member of State house of representatives in 1861, 1862; elected as Independent Republican to Congress (1863-1865); collector of port of Philadelphia in 1866; resumed mercantile pursuits.

UPSON, Charles (2932-2996), Representative from Michigan; born in Southington, Conn.; taught school in Farmington, Conn., 1840-1842; studied Yale Law School in 1844; removed to Constantine, St. Joseph County, Mich., in 1845; taught school in 1846, 1847; deputy county clerk of St. Joseph County in 1847; in 1847 and commenced law practice in Kalamazoo; county clerk in 1848, 1849; prosecuting attorney 1852-1854; member of State senate in 1855, 1856,1880; moved to Coldwater in 1856 and continued practice of law; member of State board of railroad commissioners in 1857; attorney general of Michigan in 1861, 1862; elected as Republican to Congresses (1863-1869); chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Navy ; not a candidate for renomination;  judge of fifteenth circuit court (1869-1872 resigned); member of commission to revise State constitution in 1873; declined appointment as Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1876; mayor of city of Coldwater in 1877; resumed law practice.

VAN VALKENBURGH, Robert Bruce (1821-1888), Representative from New York; born in Prattsburg; commenced law practice in Bath, N.Y.; member of State assembly in 1852, 1857 and 1858; in command of recruiting depot in Elmira, and organized seventeen regiments for Civil War; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1865); chairman, Committee on Militia.  Served as colonel of One Hundred and Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, its commander at the Battle of Antietam; Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1865; Minister Resident to Japan (1866-1869); settled in Florida; appointed associate justice of State supreme court on 1874, and served until his death.

WASHBURN, William Barrett (1820-1887), Representative and Senator from Massachusetts; born in Winchendon, Worcester County; graduated from Yale College in 1844; employed as store clerk 1844-1847; engaged in manufacturing pursuits in Erving, Franklin County, 1847-1857; member, State senate 1850; member, State house of representatives 1853-1855; moved to Greenfield in 1858 and engaged in banking; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1871 resigned); Governor of Massachusetts (1872-1874 resigned); elected as Republican to Senate (1874-1875) to fill vacancy caused by death of Charles Sumner; not a candidate for reelection; president of Greenfield National Bank; member of board of trustees of several colleges; director of Connecticut River Railroad.

WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin (1816-1887), Representative from Illinois; born in Livermore, Androscoggin County, Maine; printer’s apprentice; assistant editor of Kennebec Journal, Augusta; Harvard Law School in 1839; moved to Galena, Jo Daviess County, Ill., in 1840 and commenced practice of law; delegate to Whig National Conventions in 1844, 1852; lost election in 1848 to Congress; elected as Whig to Congress then as Republican (1853-1869 resigned); appointed as Secretary of State in Cabinet of President Grant, but resigned a few days afterward to accept diplomatic mission to France; upon declaration of the Franco-Prussian War he protected with American flag Paris legations of various German states; remained in Paris during siege and was only foreign minister who continued at his post during the days of Commune; protected not only Germans but all foreigners left by their ministers; served as Minister until 1877 and returned and settled in Chicago, Ill.; engaged in literary pursuits.

WEBSTER, Edwin Hanson (1829-1893), Representative from Maryland; born near Churchville, Harford County; taught school; in 1851 and commenced law practice in Bel Air; State senate 1855-1859; during Civil War was colonel of Seventh Regiment, Maryland Volunteer Infantry, and served 1862, 1863; elected as candidate of American Party then Unionist then Unconditional Unionist to Congress (1859-1865 resigned); appointed collector of customs at port of Baltimore (1865-1869) and by President Arthur (1882-1886); resumed law practice in Bel Air; in 1882 he engaged in banking.

WHALEY, Kellian Van Rensalear (1821-1876), Representative from Virginia and from West Virginia; born in Onondaga County, Utica, N.Y.; lumber business; recruiter, Union Army; elected as Unionist from Virginia to Congress (1861-1863), as Unconditional Unionist from West Virginia (1863-1867); chairman, Committee on Invalid Pensions (Thirty-eighth Congress), Committee on Revolutionary Claims; not a candidate for re-nomination; delegate to Republican National Convention, 1864; collector of customs at Brazos de Santiago, Tex., 1868.

WHEELER, Ezra (1820-1871), Representative from Wisconsin; born in Chenango County, N.Y.; moved to Berlin, Green Lake County, Wis., in 1849; commenced law practice; State assembly in 1853; judge of Green Lake County 1854-1862; elected as Democrat to Congress (1863-1865); resumed law in Berlin; on account of ill health, moved to Pueblo, Colo., in 1870; appointed register of land office at Pueblo, 1871.

WILDER, Abel Carter (1828-1875), Representative from Kansas; born in Mendon, Worcester County, Mass.; engaged in mercantile pursuits; moved to Rochester, N.Y., and then to Leavenworth, Kans., in 1857 and acontinued mercantile pursuits; delegate to Osawatomie convention in 1859; delegate to Republican National Convention in 1860 and elected chairman; served as captain in Kansas brigade for one year in Civil War; elected as Republican Congress (1863-1865); delegate to Republican National Conventions in 1864, 1868, 1872; returned to Rochester, N.Y., in 1865 and published Morning and Evening Express until 1868, when he retired; elected mayor of Rochester in 1872, but resigned in 1873;moved to San Francisco, Calif. due to ill health.

WILLIAMS, Thomas (1806-1872), Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Greensburg, Westmoreland County; in 1828 and commenced law practice in Greensburg; moved to Pittsburgh, in 1832 and continued law; served in State senate 1838-1841; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); one of managers appointed by House of Representatives in 1868 to conduct impeachment proceedings against President Johnson; not a candidate for renomination; retired to Allegheny City, Pa.

WILSON, James Falconer (1828-1895), Representative and a Senator from Iowa; born in Newark, Licking County, Ohio; apprenticed to harnessmaker’s trade; in 1851 practiced law in Newark, Ohio, 1851-1853; moved to Fairfield, Jefferson County, Iowa, in 1853 and resumed law; member of constitutional convention of Iowa in 1857; member, State house of representatives 1857, 1859; member, State senate 1859-1861, and its president in 1861; elected as Republican to Congress (1861-1869) to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Samuel R. Curtis; not a candidate for renomination; chairman, Committee on the Judiciary (Thirty-eighth through Fortieth Congresses); a managers appointed by House of Representatives in 1868 to conduct impeachment proceedings against President Johnson; tendered position of Secretary of State in Cabinet of President Grant but declined; subsequently appointed by Grant as government director of Union Pacific Railroad and served eight years; lost Republican nomination for Senator in 1872; elected as Republican to Senate(1883-1895); not a candidate for reelection; Committee on Revision of the Laws of the United States, Committee on Education and Labor.

WINDOM, William (1827-1891), Representative and Senator from Minnesota; born in Belmont County, Ohio; in 1850 commenced law practice in Mount Vernon; prosecuting attorney of Knox County in 1852; moved to Winona, Winona County, in 1855; elected as Republican to Congresses (1859-1869); chairman, Committee on Indian Affairs (Thirty-eighth through Fortieth Congresses); appointed as Republican to Senate (1870-1871) to fill vacancy caused by death of Daniel S. Norton until a successor was elected to complete term; elected to senate (1871-1881 resigned); appointed Secretary of Treasury by President James Garfield, 1881 until his resignation the same year; reelected to Senate (1881-1883) to fill vacancy caused by his own resignation (1881-1883); lost reelection in 1883; Committee on Foreign Relations; moved to New York City in 1883 and practiced law; appointed Secretary of Treasury under President Harrison (1889-death).

WOODBRIDGE, Frederick Enoch (1818-1888), Representative from Vermont; born in Vergennes, Addison County; in 1843, commenced law practice in Vergennes; member of State house of representatives in 1849, 1857, and 1858; mayor of Vergennes for five years; State auditor 1850-1852; prosecuting attorney 1854-1858; engaged in construction of railroads; member of State senate in 1860, 1861 and served as president pro tempore in latter year; elected as Republican to Congress (1863-1869); resumed law practice.

WORTHINGTON, Henry Gaither (1828-1909), Representative from Nevada; born in Cumberland, Md., February 9, 1828; commenced in practice in Tuolumne County, Calif.; traveled in Central America and Mexico and upon his return settled in San Francisco, Calif.; member of State house of representatives in 1861; moved to Nevada in 1862 and settled in Austin; upon admission of Nevada as State was elected as Republican to Congress (1864-1865); collector of port of Charleston, S.C.; served as U.S. Minister to Uruguay and Argentine Republic in 1868, 1869 by appointment of President Johnson; U.S. district judge; major general of militia; defeated by two votes for election to Senate; served as pallbearer at funeral of President Lincoln.

YEAMAN, George Helm (1829-1908), Representative from Kentucky; born in Hardin County; in 1852 commenced law practice in Owensboro; judge of Davis County in 1854; member of State house of representatives in 1861; elected as Unionist to Congress (1862-1865) to fill vacancy caused by death of James S. Jackson; lost reelection; United States Minister to Denmark (1865-1870 resigned); settled in New York City; lecturer on constitutional law at Columbia College; president of Medico-Legal Society of New York.